DNA Profiling (WJEC GCSE Biology)

DNA Profiling to Identify Specific Genes

• Genetic screening can be carried out using DNA profiles of individuals to determine the risk of developing a particular disease

  • Analysis of the DNA profiles can be carried out at various lifecycle stages e.g. testing of an embryo, fetus or adult

• Some individuals may choose to have genetic testing carried out e.g. if they are pregnant and there is a family history of a genetic disease

• Using genetic screening to diagnose diseases may allow individuals to

  • take preventative measures

  • begin efficient treatment of the disease

  • plan for the future

  • make informed decisions about pregnancy

  • take part in research or clinical trials

Ethics of using DNA profiling for disease diagnosis

• There are many ethical considerations of using DNA profiling to diagnose disease due to the implications it may have on the individual and their relations

• It is important that individuals opting to use DNA profiling for this purpose are fully educated in the ethical considerations, for example:

  • Privacy concerns - Genetic data is very sensitive and so the testing and storage of information regarding the individual's DNA profile must be done with respect to specific protocol. It is important to prevent the misuse of such data. Who should have access to the data?

  • Discrimination - There is a chance that the results of a genetic screening may be used against the patient e.g. by insurance companies or employers

  • Psychological impact - A genetic diagnosis may trigger emotional stress and anxiety with impacts on other members of the family. Access to counselling may be necessary in order to understand the full implications of the diagnosis, but counselling is not always readily available

  • Reproductive choices - Difficult decisions regarding current or future pregnancies may arise after genetic testing

    • The decision to terminate a pregnancy due to the results of genetic screening carries its own set of ethical considerations

    • Parents also need to consider the ethics of continuing a pregnancy which may result in the birth of a significantly ill child

  • Sharing genetic information - Individuals may need to make difficult decisions about who should be tested and who should be informed of the outcome. The communication of the risks associated could lead to further family trauma

    • It may be difficult to balance the health interests of the child with their personal rights. Should children be tested? Who should make that decision?