Monitoring & Maintaining Health (OCR GCSE Biology A (Gateway))

Synthesis  → Identification of candidate molecule → Preclinical testing  → Lowest effective dose analysis → Clinical Trials

Identification of candidate molecule → Synthesis → Preclinical testing → Clinical Trials → Lowest effective dose analysis

Synthesis  → Identification of candidate molecule → Preclinical testing  → Clinical Trials →  Lowest effective dose analysis

Identification of candidate molecule  → Preclinical testing → Synthesis  → Clinical Trials →  Lowest effective dose analysis

Light microscopy

Monoclonal antibodies

Quadrat studies

DNA testing

Obesity

Cholera

Tooth decay

Rickets

Fatty foods increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Solid deposits called plaques build up in blood vessels and can cause blockages that lead to cardiovascular disease. 

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease can interact to further increase the risk of an individual suffering a heart attack.

Smoking is a major risk factor and has been proved to cause cardiovascular disease. 

Half of HIV related deaths were due to TB in 2000.

HIV became more life-threatening between 2000 and 2017.

People with HIV are more likely to die from TB than people without HIV.

The percentage of HIV in the population has increased between 2000 and 2017.

Comparing patients’ phenotypes so the best treatment can be given.

Designing drugs that are specific to a particular variant of a gene.

Using genetic engineering to produce new drugs.

Using monoclonal antibodies to destroy pathogens.

Antigens from the pathogen remain in the body.

Memory cells remain in the blood and can release antibodies.

The disease can now be treated with antibiotics.

White blood cells engulf the pathogens before antibodies are made.

1940

1952

1968

1982

Bacterium

Fungus

Protist

Virus

Cause the body to produce antibodies.

Cause the release of antigens.

Contain antiviral drugs.

Make platelets more active.

Health is the absence of disease.

A person who is free from disease must be healthy.

A person can have a serious disease and be healthy.

A person can be free from disease and not be in good health.

Antivirals

Dead or weakened pathogens

Specific antibiotics

White blood cells

An infection of foreign cells which divide uncontrollably.

Body cells that divide uncontrollably many times.

Body cells that lose the ability to divide and make stem cells.

Pathogens that grow and divide unchecked.

Antibiotics that will attach to antigens.

Antigens that will stimulate antibody production.

Antibiotics that kill pathogens.

Antivirals that destroy viruses.

One group of volunteers are given a placebo, another group the drug.

The drug is tested on human cells.

Volunteers are given a placebo only.

Volunteers are given the new drug.

A bacterium

A fungus

A protist

A virus

Antibiotics specific to the microbe

Dead microbes

Memory cells

Small numbers of live harmful microbes

Animals – tissues – humans

Humans – animals – tissues

Tissues – animals – humans

Tissues – humans – animals

They are body cells and so the body’s defence system does not attack them.

They are foreign cells that are not destroyed by antibiotics.

They divide very slowly.

They hide inside other body cells, away from the body’s defence system.

Being a non-smoker

Lack of exercise

Low fat diet

Not drinking alcohol

5.6%

21.2%

22.6%

26.8%

Contracting HPV greatly increases the risk of developing AIDS.

Having the vaccination will prevent cervical cancer.

HPV can be treated with antibiotics but cervical cancer cannot.

HPV has been linked to about 70% of cases of cervical cancer.

Antimicrobial substances

Cell walls

Leaf cuticles

Thorns

Antibiotics

Antigens

Antiseptics

Antivirals

Heart disease is caused by the interaction of many factors.

It is not possible to measure any of the risk factors.

Many microorganisms cause heart disease.

There is no genetic link to heart disease.

The ability to make clotting enzymes.

They can change their shape to pass out of capillaries.

They can synthesise antibiotics.

They lack a nucleus.

antibodies in the blood system

memory cells

hydrochloric acid in the stomach

lymphocytes

animal testing

computer simulation testing

human tissue testing

microbial testing

are unspecialised

bind to and immobilise pathogens

destroy cancer cells

differentiate into many different types of cell.

Diabetes cannot be treated at the current time.

Different patients with diabetes can be given different drugs.

All types of diabetes can be treated by changing the diet.

Glucagon injections will be able to treat these four types of diabetes.