Define the term health.
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Define the term health.
Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being.
Define the term communicable disease.
A communicable disease is an illness caused by pathogens that can be spread between individuals within a population.
True or False?
Non-communicable diseases can be passed between individuals.
False.
Non-communicable diseases cannot be passed between individuals.
What are some examples of non-communicable disease?
Examples of non-communicable disease include:
asthma
CHD (coronary heart disease)
cancer
type 2 diabetes
There are many other correct answers to this question.
Why does the presence of one disease increase an individual's susceptibility to other infections?
The presence of one disease increases an individual's susceptibility to other infections because the first disease may:
damage or suppress the body's immune system
damage the skin, enabling other pathogens to enter the blood
reduce quality of life, increasing the likelihood of mental illness
alter the cells, increasing the likelihood of harmful mutations
Define the term pathogen.
A pathogen is an organism that causes disease.
What are the main groups of organisms that can cause disease?
The main groups of organisms that can be pathogenic are:
bacteria
fungi
protists
viruses
What are the two life cycle pathways seen in viruses?
The two pathways seen in viruses are the lytic pathway and the lysogenic pathway.
How do the lytic and lysogenic pathways in viruses differ?
The key differences between the lytic and lysogenic pathways are:
in the lysogenic pathway the host cell replicates viral DNA but does not produce viral proteins, while in the lytic pathway the host cell produces new virus particles
in the lysogenic pathway the host cell remains intact, while in the lytic pathway the new virus particles cause host cell lysis
What human diseases are caused by bacterial pathogens?
Human diseases caused by bacterial pathogens include:
tuberculosis (TB)
cholera
stomach ulcers
There are many others, but these are the examples included in the specification.
Which organ of the body is most frequently affected by tuberculosis (TB)?
TB causes damage to the lungs.
How does HIV cause harm?
HIV can destroy white blood cells, eventually leading to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
What type of pathogen causes malaria?
Malaria is caused by a protist pathogen.
What are the symptoms of Chalara ash dieback?
Chalara ash dieback causes leaf loss and bark lesions.
What are the symptoms of infection with Ebola virus?
Ebola infection leads to haemorrhagic fever.
How are cholera bacteria spread?
Cholera bacteria spread by contaminated water supplies.
What is the primary method of transmission for malaria?
Malaria is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes, an example of an animal vector.
Define the term animal vector.
An animal vector is an animal that carries pathogens between hosts.
What are examples of pathogens that spread through the air?
Examples of airborne pathogens include:
TB bacteria
Chalara ash dieback fungus
There are many others, but these are the examples included in the specification.
How can Helicobacter bacteria be transmitted between hosts?
Helicobacter, the bacteria linked to stomach ulcers, can be spread by oral transmission. This means that the bacteria enter the body via the mouth.
How can transmission of Ebola be prevented?
Ebola transmission can be prevented by wearing full body protective clothing; this stops the transfer of body fluids between, e.g. eyes, nose or broken skin