Communities (AQA GCSE Biology)

Revision Note

Lára Marie McIvor

Written by: Lára Marie McIvor

Reviewed by: Lucy Kirkham

Levels of Organisation in an Ecosystem

There are 4 levels of organisation within an ecosystem:

  • Individual organism: a single member of a species

  • Population: a number of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

  • Community: multiple populations (of different species) living and interacting in the same area

  • Ecosystem: the interaction between a community (the living, biotic part) and the non-living (abiotic) parts of the environment

Levels of Organisation in an Ecosystem, IGCSE & GCSE Biology revision notesLevels of Organisation in an Ecosystem, IGCSE & GCSE Biology revision notes

Levels of organisation in an ecosystem

Competition & Adaption

You should understand the following 2 terms:
1. Competition:

  • If a group of organisms all need the same resource in order to survive and reproduce (have offspring) but there is a limited amount of the resource available, they are said to compete for the resource

  • Competition can be between members of the same species (intraspecific competition) or between members of different species (interspecific competition)

Intraspecific competition (grey squirrels), IGCSE & GCSE Biology revision notesIntraspecific competition (grey squirrels), IGCSE & GCSE Biology revision notes

Intraspecific competition between two grey squirrels (same species) for a limited resource

 

Interspecific competition (grey and red squirrels), IGCSE & GCSE Biology revision notes

Interspecific competition between a grey squirrel and a red squirrel (different species) for a limited resource

2. Adaptation:

  • If an organism has certain features, behaviours, or other characteristics that help it to survive and reproduce in its habitat, it is said to be adapted to its habitat

Ecosystems

  • An ecosystem is the interaction of a community of living organisms (biotic) with the non-living (abiotic) parts of their environment

  • Ecosystems can vary greatly in size and scale. Some ecosystems are small – a single tree can be seen as an ecosystem. Some ecosystems are very large – the whole of Antarctica can be seen as one ecosystem.

  • Some other examples of ecosystems include:

    • A garden pond

    • A woodland

    • A coral reef

    • A desert

Interactions within an Ecosystem

  • In order to survive and reproduce (have offspring), organisms need certain resources from their surroundings (from the ecosystem they are living in)

  • This means that members of a species will often interact with members of its own species or other species

  • Some examples of these interactions include:

    • Predators (carnivores) eating prey

    • Herbivores eating plants

    • Plant species being pollinated by bees

Competition in Plants & Animals

  • Plants in a community or habitat may compete with each other for certain limited resources:

Resources competed for by plants table

resources-competed-for-by-plants-table-igcse-and-gcse-biology-revision-notes
  • Animals in a community or habitat may compete with each other for certain limited resources:

Resources competed for by animals table

Resources competed for by animals table, downloadable IGCSE & GCSE Biology revision notes

Interdependence

  • Within a community, each species depends on other species for food, shelter, pollination, seed dispersal etc

  • If one species is removed it can affect the whole

  • This is called interdependence

  • A stable community is one where all the species and environmental factors are in balance so that population sizes remain fairly constant

Food web, IGCSE & GCSE Biology revision notes

A food web shows the interdependence of organisms

  • For example, in the food web above, if the population of earthworms decreased:

    • The population of grass plants would increase as there are now fewer species feeding off them

    • The populations of frogs and mice would decrease significantly as earthworms are their only food source

    • The population of sparrows would decrease slightly as they eat earthworms but also have another food source to rely on (caterpillars)

Examiner Tips and Tricks

Questions about interdependence in food webs are common and simple to gain marks on if you answer them fully and correctly. Do not say an animal or plant would ‘die out’ as this is unlikely to happen – stick to using the words decrease or increase. If in doubt, always give your reason for the increase or decrease in population.

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Lára Marie McIvor

Author: Lára Marie McIvor

Expertise: Biology Lead

Lára graduated from Oxford University in Biological Sciences and has now been a science tutor working in the UK for several years. Lára has a particular interest in the area of infectious disease and epidemiology, and enjoys creating original educational materials that develop confidence and facilitate learning.

Lucy Kirkham

Author: Lucy Kirkham

Expertise: Head of STEM

Lucy has been a passionate Maths teacher for over 12 years, teaching maths across the UK and abroad helping to engage, interest and develop confidence in the subject at all levels.Working as a Head of Department and then Director of Maths, Lucy has advised schools and academy trusts in both Scotland and the East Midlands, where her role was to support and coach teachers to improve Maths teaching for all.