Define the term respiration.
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Define the term respiration.
Respiration is a chemical reaction carried out in all living organisms to release energy from glucose.
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
The word equation for aerobic respiration is:
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
What are the waste products of aerobic respiration?
The waste products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water.
Write the chemical equation for aerobic respiration.
The balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Which organelle is the site of aerobic respiration?
The mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration.
Write the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals.
The word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals is:
glucose → lactic acid
True or False?
Anaerobic respiration requires oxygen.
False.
Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen.
What is the oxygen debt?
The oxygen debt is the oxygen required to remove the build up of lactic acid in muscle cells after anaerobic respiration.
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi?
The word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi is:
glucose → alcohol + carbon dioxide
True or False?
Anaerobic respiration involves the complete breakdown of glucose.
False.
Anaerobic respiration involves the incomplete breakdown of glucose into lactic acid which is later broken down further as oxygen becomes available.
Why do muscles need more oxygen during exercise?
Muscles need more oxygen during exercise because there is a greater energy demand due to increased muscle contractions, requiring more aerobic respiration.
How does the body react to increased oxygen demand during exercise?
The body reacts by increasing breathing rate, breath volume, and heart rate to supply more oxygenated blood to the muscles.
Why does an individual continue to breathe heavily after vigorous exercise?
An individual continues to breathe heavily after vigorous exercise to pay off the oxygen debt and remove extra carbon dioxide from the body.
What causes muscle fatigue during long periods of vigorous activity?
Muscle fatigue during long periods of vigorous activity is caused by increased levels of lactic acid building up in the muscles.
True or False?
Heart rate can be measured by measuring number of beats in 30 seconds.
True.
Heart rate is usually measured in beats per minute, but if the number of beats in 30 seconds is counted then the number can be doubled to find out the rate in beats per minute.
What are the two ways the body can deal with lactic acid? (Higher Tier Only)
The body can deal with lactic acid by:
Oxidising it to form carbon dioxide and water
Converting it back into glucose in the liver
Define oxygen debt in terms of lactic acid removal (Higher Tier Only)
Oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with accumulated lactic acid and remove it from the cells.
Define metabolism.
Metabolism is the sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body.
What powers metabolic reactions?
Metabolic reactions are powered by energy transferred by respiration in cells.
True or False?
Metabolic reactions are always independent of each other.
False.
Metabolic reactions are often linked, where the products of one reaction are the reactants for another.
What are the three main types of molecules involved in metabolic reactions?
The three main types of molecules involved in metabolic reactions are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
What is glucose used for in metabolism?
Glucose is used in the synthesis of starch, glycogen, or cellulose.
Define metabolic substrate.
A metabolic substrate is a substance that acts as a starting material in metabolic reactions, such as glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, and amino acids.
What is the role of fatty acids and glycerol in metabolism?
Fatty acids and glycerol are used in the synthesis of lipids.
What is the metabolic fate of excess proteins in animals?
In animals, excess proteins are broken down to form urea for excretion.
What is the process of forming lipids?
Triglycerides are formed from one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids.
How is cellulose formed in plants?
Cellulose is formed in plants by the conversion of glucose to build and strengthen cell walls.