Health & Disease (AQA GCSE Biology)
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What is coronary heart disease?
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What is coronary heart disease?
Coronary heart disease (CHD) occurs when the coronary arteries narrow due to build-up of fatty deposits; this reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries of the heart.
True or False?
Statins are drugs used to reduce blood sugar levels.
False.
Statins are drugs used to lower the levels of blood cholesterol.
Give one advantage and one disadvantage of treating cardiovascular disease using statins.
Advantages of treating cardiovascular disease using statins include:
slowing down the rate at which fatty deposits occur
increasing levels of HDL ('good') cholesterol
Disadvantages of treating cardiovascular disease using statins include:
need to be taken continuously
can take time to be effective
can cause side effects
How are stents used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease?
Stents are used to widen the lumen of the coronary arteries; this keeps the arteries open and increases blood flow to the heart muscle.
True or False?
The insertion of a stent involves major surgery.
False.
The insertion of a stent can be carried out during minor surgery, though the process does bring some risk of blood vessel damage and infection.
What are the possible consequences of faulty heart valves?
Consequences of faulty heart valves include:
valves may not fully open
valves may become leaky
Either of these situations will reduce blood flow through the heart, and so reduce the volume of blood pumped by the heart with each beat.
True or False?
Faulty heart valves can be treated by replacing damaged valves with mechanical valves.
True.
Faulty heart valves can be replaced with mechanical or biological valves.
True or False?
There is no risk of immune rejection with biological valve replacements.
False.
Biological valve replacements do bring a risk of immune rejection. This is because they contain donor tissue which is not an exact tissue match to the recipient.
When might an artificial heart be used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease?
An artificial heart might be used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease when:
a patient is experiencing heart failure
a donor heart is not immediately available
a patient's heart needs time to rest during recovery
Give one advantage and one disadvantage of artificial hearts in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Advantages of treating cardiovascular disease using an artificial heart include:
not needing to wait for a suitable donor heart
reduced risk of immune rejection
Disadvantages of treating cardiovascular disease using an artificial heart include:
artificial hearts are less effective than biological hearts
an increased risk of blood clotting with artificial hearts
Define the term health.
An individual's health is their state of physical and mental wellbeing.
What are the factors that can affect health?
Factors that can affect health include:
communicable disease
non-communicable disease
diet
stress
life situations, e.g. home and income
True or False?
HIV can affect immune function, which in turn increases the likelihood that an individual will be affected by infectious diseases.
True.
HIV is a virus that causes the immune system to become defective; HIV infection may therefore increase an individual's susceptibility to other infections.
What is the connection between viruses and cancer?
Cells that are infected with viruses may be more likely to become cancerous, e.g. infection with HPV increases the likelihood of cervical cancer developing.
True or False?
The immune system responding to pathogens can trigger allergic reactions.
True.
Immune reactions to pathogens can trigger allergic reactions, e.g. skin rashes.
True or False?
There is no connection between physical health and mental health.
False.
Poor physical health increases the likelihood of mental illness, e.g. depression.
Give three examples of non-communicable diseases.
Examples of non-communicable diseases include:
lung disease
lung cancer
cardiovascular disease
type 2 diabetes
liver disease
cancer
Define the term risk factor.
A risk factor is a factor that increases the likelihood of developing a disease. Exposure to a risk factor does not mean that disease will definitely occur.
What are some lifestyle factors that can affect the incidence of non-communicable disease?
Lifestyle factors that can affect the incidence of non-communicable disease include:
diet
alcohol consumption
smoking
What is the difference between correlation and causation?
Correlation is an association between two factors while causation is when a change in one factor causes a change in another. A correlation between two factors not not guarantee that there is a causal link.
Give two examples of risk factors that have been causally linked to a disease.
Examples of risk factors that have been causally linked to a disease include:
diet / smoking / exercise and CVD
obesity and type 2 diabetes
alcohol and liver disease
smoking and lung disease / lung cancer
smoking / alcohol and fetal development
ionising radiation and cancer
Define the term sampling.
Sampling involves collecting data on a small section of the population that can be used to represent an entire population.
What does the graph show about the effect of smoking cigarettes on CVD?
The graph shows that:
there is an association/correlation between cigarette smoking and CVD risk
the more cigarettes are smoked, the greater the risk of CVD
when 0 cigarettes are smoked the CVD risk is 1.00, when 1-19 cigarettes are smoked the CVD risk is 1.23, and when 20 or more are smoked the risk is 1.31
What type of correlation is shown in the graph below?
The graph shows a (strong) positive correlation.
What is cancer?
Cancer occurs when changes in cells cause uncontrolled cell growth and division; this leads to tumour development.
What is a benign tumour?
A benign tumour is a group of abnormal cells contained within one area and usually surrounded by a membrane. Benign tumours do not spread to other parts of the body.
Give two features of a malignant tumour.
Features of malignant tumours include:
they are cancerous
they can invade nearby tissues
they can spread to other parts of the body, forming secondary tumours
What are some of the lifestyle risk factors associated with cancer?
Lifestyle risk factors associated with cancer include:
diet
smoking
exposure to UV radiation
exposure to certain viruses
True or False?
Cancer incidence is only affected by lifestyle factors.
False.
Some cancers have been related to genetic factors as well as lifestyle factors.