Aim: To investigate conformity as a product of culture
Participants: The study was a meta-analysis which in total comprised 133 studies, from 17 countries which represented both collectivist and individualistic cultures. The countries included France, Fiji, Ghana, Hong Kong, Japan, the UK, and the USA
Procedure:
- A meta-analysis is a quantitative research method which uses the data from previously published studies on the same topic, in this case conformity rates as measured via the Asch paradigm (1951)
- This meta-analysis used statistics to analyse the findings of cross-cultural replications of Asch’s original study (which in itself had nothing to do with culture)
- Smith & Bond combined the findings of these studies to draw an overall conclusion about rates of conformity in collectivist cultures compared to individualistic cultures
- The findings are expressed as an effect size, in the case of this study this was linked to overall rate of conformity per country
Asch (1951) is a classic study of conformity; the procedure is as follows:
- A naïve participant is asked to state which of three lines to the right of a card is the same length as the line on the left of the card, for example:
- The participant is tested individually in a room with seven confederates and is always seated towards the end of the group
The experimenter then asks each participant in turn to state which of the three lines on the right of the card are the same length as the target line on the left of the card
- In the critical trials the confederates always give the same wrong answer, so the dependent variable is measured as the number of conforming answers to the wrong answer
- Giving the wrong answer is evidence of normative social influence as, Asch concluded, the participants give the wrong answer to an easy task in order to be accepted and liked by the majority
Results:
- The highest rates of conformity were seen in more collectivist countries: the effect size from studies in Fiji was the highest at 2.48; Hong Kong scored 1.93 and Japan scored 1.42
- The lowest rates of conformity were found in individualist countries: the effect size from studies in France was 0.56; The Netherlands scored 0.74; the USA scored 0.90
Conclusion: Conformity may be affected by culture with collectivist cultures showing more conformity than individualistic cultures.
Evaluation of Smith & Bond (1996)
Strengths
- A meta-analysis provides a large amount of quantitative data from which researchers can extract information highlighting patterns and trends in behaviour which should be reliable due to the statistical power of large numbers
- Using replications of Asch’s conformity research means that the researchers had access to the results of studies which used a standardised procedure which should ensure that there is in-built reliability
Weaknesses
- The reliability of the findings is compromised somewhat by the fact that there was no consistency in terms of numbers of Asch replications per country: the meta-analysis used only two studies from France and Fiji but used 79 from the USA
- A meta-analysis is a rather ‘cold’ method to use for investigating human behaviour as it is purely statistical and cannot provide any explanation as to why conformity might occur more in collectivist cultures
Key terms:
- Meta-analysis
- Asch paradigm
- Effect size