Key Study: Basu et al. (2017)
Aim: To investigate enculturation in adolescents and their parents towards gender-appropriate behaviour
Participants:
- Adolescents aged 11-13 years and their parents
- One sample was from a highly socially and economically disadvantaged area of Delhi, India (16 males, 15 females);
- The other sample was from a low-income, disadvantaged area of Shanghai, China (17 males, 17 females)
- The parents of the adolescents comprised a separate sample (24 from Delhi, 34 from Shanghai)
- Delhi parents were younger (25-44 years) than the Shanghai parents (35-54 years)
- 40% of the Delhi parents had no formal education, whereas 75% of the Shanghai parents had at least some level of formal education
Procedure:
- Narrative interviews (an open style of interviewing in which no pre-prepared questions are used) were conducted with the adolescents and their parents separately
- The topic being discussed was ‘gender socialisation’ with discussions exploring ideas as to how each gender should dress, behave, prepare for adulthood, and so on
Results: The researchers used thematic analysis which generated a range of themes, some of which were:
- Girls, particularly in Delhi, should be covered up, and not wear jeans, just long skirts and should behave in a ‘ladylike’ way otherwise they would be punished. Boys could wear what they liked and were encouraged to be brave and tough
- In Shanghai the parents put a lot of emphasis on ‘proper’ demeanour for girls such as sitting with an upright posture, being calm, gentle, and quiet: not behaving like this would bring dishonour on her family. Although boys were not faced with such strictures, they were expected to be polite and considerate towards girls
- Delhi parents were more focused on girls preparing for life as a wife and mother whereas the Shanghai parents had expectations of career success for both boys and girls
- There were huge restrictions in both countries regarding male-female interaction, with most families expressly forbidding it and threatening punishment even for the mildest of interactions, such as looking at a member of the opposite sex
- Mothers emerged as the most influential and dominant figure in the gender socialisation process, with other significant adults (such as teachers and older siblings) also playing a role
- Children from both countries reported that punishments such as beatings and shaming in front of friends were used without hesitation for perceived or actual rule violations, particularly those regarding male-female interactions
Conclusion: Some cultures appear to enculturate traditional gendered behaviour which may have a negative impact on children e.g. the use of corporal punishment (physical punishment) for perceived rule violations
The researchers conclude that some cultures adhere to deeply entrenched gendered behaviours and rules which appear to be unequal e.g. boys being given more freedom than girls
Evaluation of Basu et al. (2017)
Strengths
- The use of narrative interviews means that this research collected a good amount of qualitative data which is rich, in-depth and insightful i.e. it has good explanatory power
- Interviewing both the adolescents and their parents enabled the researchers to compare the extent of enculturation across generations
Weaknesses
- Narrative interviews can sometimes be derailed and veer off-topic if the participant wishes to talk at length on some unrelated matter
- The sample is not representative e.g. more affluent areas of the two cities may well have reported less traditional attitudes towards gender socialisation
Key terms:
- Acculturation
- Gender socialisation
- Narrative interviews