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What is a flashbulb memory?
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What is a flashbulb memory?
A flashbulb memory is a special type of emotional memory triggered by shocking or dramatic events.
What are some examples of significant global events that may trigger flashbulb memories?
Examples of significant global events that may trigger flashbulb memories include assassinations, terrorist attacks, natural disasters, and sudden deaths of prominent figures.
What type of memories make up flashbulb memories?
a) Semantic
b) Procedural
c) Episodic
c.
Episodic memories make up flashbulb memories.
The memories are from episodes in a person's life, hence episodic.
Brown & Kulik (1977) suggest that flashbulb memories may be controlled by:
a) hormones
b) a specific neural mechanism located in the limbic system
c) the prefrontal cortex
b.
Brown & Kulik (1977) suggested that flashbulb memories may be controlled by a specific neural mechanism located in the limbic system.
The limbic system includes the amygdala which regulates emotional responses.
What are self-report methods used in flashbulb memory research?
Self-report methods used in flashbulb memory research collect first-hand accounts of where, when, and with whom an event was experienced.
What is a common finding in some flashbulb memory studies regarding memory accuracy?
a) People have higher confidence in the accuracy of their flashbulb memories than for everyday events
b) People have lower confidence in the accuracy of their flashbulb memories than for everyday events
c) People become confused when trying to recall emotional events
a.
A common finding in some flashbulb memory studies regarding memory accuracy is that people have higher confidence in the accuracy of their flashbulb memories than for everyday events.
True or False?
There is some disagreement as to the accuracy of flashbulb memories.
True.
There is some disagreement as to the accuracy of flashbulb memories due to some research e.g. Neisser & Harsch (1992) showing that flashbulb memories erode and alter over time.
What is the aim of Brown & Kulik's (1977) study?
The aim of Brown & Kulik's (1977) study is to investigate the nature and quality of flashbulb memories.
Brown & Kulik's sample consists of:
a) Yale University students: 40 Caucasian Americans and 40 African Americans with an age range of 20-60 years old
b) Harvard University students: 80 Caucasian Americans and 80 African Americans with an age range of 20-60 years old
c) Harvard University students: 40 Caucasian Americans and 40 African Americans with an age range of 20-60 years old
c.
Brown & Kulik's sample consists of:
Harvard University students:40 Caucasian Americans and 40 African Americans with an age range of 20-60 years old.
True or False?
Participants are asked about their memories of a happy time in their life such as a birthday party.
False.
Participants were asked about their memories of when they first learned about the deaths of famous people and to recall a personal shock event.
This was done to compare the impact of global compared to personal events.
The strongest flashbulb memories from the Brown & Kulik (1977) study are about:
a) the assassination of John F. Kennedy
b) the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
c) personal events
a.
The strongest flashbulb memories from the Brown & Kulik (1977) study are about the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
Why might the use of a self-report methods in flashbulb memory research lack validity?
The use of self-report methods in flashbulb memory research may lack validity as participants may misremember details, insert details or invent details to the original memory.
What is the aim of Talarico & Rubin's (2003) research?
a) To investigate the role of flashbulb memories in patients with amnesia
b) To investigate the consistency and accuracy of flashbulb memories over time
c) To investigate unconscious bias and flashbulb memories
b.
The aim of Talarico & Rubin's (2003) research is to investigate the consistency and accuracy of flashbulb memories over time.
True or False?
The participants in the Talarico & Rubin (2003) study are contacted one day after the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the USA, and asked a series of questions about the circumstances they were in when they first learned of the attacks
True.
The participants in the Talarico & Rubin (2003) study are contacted one day after the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the USA, and asked a series of questions about the circumstances they were in when they first learned of the attacks
What does Talarico & Rubin (2003) find about the consistency of flashbulb memories and the everyday memories?
Talarico & Rubin (2003) find that there were no differences in consistency between flashbulb memories and the everyday memories: both memories became eroded over time and lost accuracy.
What do Talarico & Rubin (2003) conclude about flashbulb memories' accuracy over time?
a) Flashbulb memories are accurate and consistent over time
b) Flashbulb memories are only accurate if the emotional event was dramatic
c) Flashbulb memories does not appear to be accurate, but people perceive them as accurate over time.
c.
Talarico & Rubin (2003) concludes that flashbulb memories do not appear to be accurate, but people perceive them as accurate over time.
How does Talarico & Rubin (2003) ensure that their data is reliable?
Talarico & Rubin (2003) ensure that their data is reliable by using two independent raters which helps to ensure the inter-rater reliability of the findings.