Define the term culture.
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Define the term culture.
Culture refers to the products of socialisation within any organised group or society.
What does culture involve?
Culture involves a set of rules, norms, and customs agreed upon by the group members.
True or False?
Culture is static and unchanging.
False.
Culture is not static; it changes over time due to various factors.
Which two of the following are examples of deep culture?
a) Using chopsticks to eat food
b) The belief in life after death
c) The attitude that children should be physically punished for wrongdoing
d) Living in mud houses
The following are examples of deep culture:
b) the belief in life after death
c) the attitude that children should be physically punished for wrongdoing
(Deep culture refers to the attitudes, beliefs, and values underlying daily life).
What does surface culture consist of?
Surface culture consists of observable and tangible behaviours, customs, and rituals.
True or False?
Examples of surface culture include eating with chopsticks and performing culturally specific dances.
True:
Examples of surface culture include eating with chopsticks and performing culturally specific dances.
Why is it problematic that most research in psychology has been conducted in Western individualistic cultures?
It is problematic because this means that the research is ethnocentric i.e. it does not consider alternative cultural experience and perspectives.
Define an etic approach to research.
An etic approach may claim universal truths across cultures i.e. 'one size fits all'.
An emic approach to research involves:
a) studying behaviour within a specific culture
b) studying behaviour from outside a specific culture
c) ignoring culture when studying behaviour
a) An emic approach involves studying behaviour within a specific culture.
What is conformity?
Conformity occurs when the behaviour of an individual matches a majority or group consensus.
Normative social influence occurs when:
a) people conform to group norms to feel included and belong
b) people conform to group norms because they lack knowledge/information
c) people conform to group norms because the group seems to be normal
a) Normative social influence occurs when people conform to group norms to feel included and belong.
Define information social influence.
Information social influence is when people conform because they believe the group is better informed than they themselves are.
True or False?
Conformity can be harmful to the individual.
True.
Conformity can prevent people from following their true feelings, resulting in a loss of identity.
Why are collectivist cultures more likely to show conformity?
a) Because collectivist cultures emphasise individuality
b) Because collectivist cultures value ambition
c) Because collectivist cultures prioritise group harmony and cohesion
collectivist cultures are more likely to show conformity:
c) because collectivist cultures prioritise group harmony and cohesion
Which two of the following countries are examples of individualistic cultures?
a) France
b) India
c) Australia
d) China
Two countries that are examples of individualistic cultures are:
a) France;
b) Australia
Why is conformity considered a valid marker of cultural differences?
Conformity reflects cultural values, making it a useful variable for measuring cultural differences.
What is a meta-analysis?
A meta-analysis is a quantitative research method using data from previous studies on the same topic to draw overall conclusions.
True or False?
Asch's original study focused on culture.
False.
Asch's original study had nothing to do with culture, it simply measured conformity using an all-male sample from the USA.
Define the Asch paradigm.
The Asch paradigm refers to the experimental setup used to study conformity, involving comparing line lengths.
True or False?
The highest rates of conformity in Smith & Bond's (1996) study are seen in individualist countries.
False.
The highest rates of conformity in Smith & Bond's (1996) study are seen in collectivist countries.
A meta-analysis provides large amounts of quantitative data which means it is:
a) high in reliability
b) high in validity
c) high in generalisability
b.
A meta-analysis provides large amounts of quantitative data which means it is high in reliability.
What is the aim of the Levine & Norenzayan (1999) study?
The aim of the Levine & Norenzayan (1999) study is to investigate pace of life i.e. how quickly/slowly people and organisations move, in a sample of large cities across the world.
Which of the following is not one of the four hypotheses in Levine & Norenzayan's (1999) study?
a) Cities with a higher level of economic vitality and wealth will have a faster pace of life
b) The hotter the city, the slower the pace of life will be
c) Individualistic cultures will be faster than collectivist cultures
d) The larger the city, the more stressed the people will be
d.
The following is not one of the four hypotheses in Levine & Norenzayan's (1999) study: the larger the city, the more stressed the people will be.
True or False?
The Levine & Norenzayan (1999) study only uses cities from individualistic cultures.
False.
The Levine & Norenzayan (1999) study uses cities from a sample of 31 countries across the world, including both individualistic (e.g. USA) and collectivist (e.g. Japan) countries.
Which two of the following behaviours are measured in the Levine & Norenzayan (1999) study?
a) Walking speed of pedestrians
b) Speed of cars on the main roads
c) Accuracy of clocks in banks, selected at random
a & c.
The following behaviours are measured in the Levine & Norenzayan (1999) study:
Walking speed of pedestrians
Accuracy of clocks in banks, selected at random
In the Levine & Norenzayan (1999) study, the fastest pace of life is observed in:
a) USA
b) Singapore
c) Switzerland
c.
In the Levine & Norenzayan (1999) study, the fastest pace of life is observed in Switzerland.
Countries in Western Europe and Japan also had high scores.
Identify an extraneous variable that might affect the validity of Levine & Norenzayan's (1999) findings.
An extraneous variable that might affect the validity of Levine & Norenzayan's (1999) findings could be that people may walk slowly if they are tired or have a disability.
What research method did Hofstede use to establish cultural dimensions?
A global survey of IBM employees focused on cultural attitudes and behaviors.
Which two of the following are included in Hofstede's cultural dimensions?
a) Femininity
b) Conformity
c) Power distance
d) Individualism/Collectivism
The following are included in Hofstede's cultural dimensions:
c) Power distance
d) Individualism/Collectivism
True or False?
The survey conducted by Hofstede included over 60,000 people from over 50 countries.
True.
The survey conducted by Hofstede included over 60,000 people from over 50 countries.
What did Hofstede conclude from the results of the survey?
Hofstede concluded from the survey results that cultural dimensions can be used universally to describe norms for behaviour.
Hofstede's research findings may lack relevance over time.
What type of validity does this refer to?
Temporal validity refers to the relevance of research findings over time.
Hofstede's research generated a large amount of quantitative data, making the results:
a) reliable
b) valid
a) Hofstede's research generated a large amount of quantitative data, making the results reliable.
What is the aim of the Levine & Norenzayan (1999) study?
The aim of the Levine & Norenzayan (1999) study is to investigate the cultural dimension of individualism/collectivism on pace of life i.e. how quickly/slowly people and organisations move, in a sample of large cities across the world.
Which two of the following are one of the four hypotheses in Levine & Norenzayan (1999)?
a) Cities with a higher level of health and well-being will have a faster pace of life
b) The hotter the city, the slower the pace of life will be
c) Individualistic cultures will be faster than collectivist cultures
d) The larger the city, the slower the pace of life
b & c.
The four hypotheses in Levine & Norenzayan's (1999) study are:
Cities with a higher level of economic vitality and wealth will have a faster pace of life
The hotter the city, the slower the pace of life will be
Individualistic cultures will be faster than collectivist cultures
The larger the city, the faster the pace of life
True or False?
Cities from a total of 31 countries across the world comprise the sample in Levine & Norenzayan (1999).
True.
Cities from a total of 31 countries across the world comprise the sample in Levine & Norenzayan (1999).
These 31 countries include both individualistic and collectivist cultures.
What research method does Levine & Norenzayan (1999) use?
Levine & Norenzayan (1999) use a naturalistic observation. There are three specific categories of behaviour to be observed:
Walking speed of pedestrians
Speed of service at the post office
Accuracy of clocks in banks, selected at random
Which one of the following is correct about the findings of Levine & Norenzayan (1999)?
a) The slowest pace of life was seen in Latin American counties, the Middle East, and non-industrialised Asian countries
b) The slowest pace of life was seen in European counties, the Far East, and industrialised Asian countries
c) The slowest pace of life was seen in African counties, the Antarctic, and Australia
a.
The findings of Levine & Norenzayan (1999) showed that the slowest pace of life was seen in Latin American counties, the Middle East, and non-industrialised Asian countries.
The study of Levine & Norenzayan (1999) collects quantitative data.
Identify one strength of this type of data.
One strength of quantitative data is that if collected in large amounts, it is robust, meaning high reliability.
Smith & Bond (1996) aim to investigate conformity as a product of which cultural dimension?
Smith & Bond (1996) aim to investigate conformity as a product of the cultural dimension individualism/collectivism.
True or False?
Asch’s original conformity study emphasises the role of culture in conformity.
False.
Smith & Bond (1996) analyse the findings of cross-cultural replications of Asch’s original study (which in itself has nothing to do with culture).
The findings of Smith & Bond (1996) are expressed as:
a) percentages
b) a correlation coefficient
c) a transcription
d) an effect size
d.
The findings of Smith & Bond (1996) are expressed as an effect size, which is linked to overall rate of conformity per country.
In the Smith & Bond (1996) study, which country shows the highest level of conformity?
In the Smith & Bond (1996) study, Fiji shows the highest level of conformity with an effect size of 2.48.
One limitation of Smith & Bond (1999) is that there is no consistency in terms of numbers of Asch replications per country.
Is this an issue with reliability or validity?
One limitation of Smith & Bond (1999) is that there was no consistency in terms of numbers of Asch replications per country: this is an issue with reliability.
What is Smith & Bond's (1996) meta-analysis unable to explain?
a) It cannot explain why people conform in the first place
b) It cannot explain why conformity seems to occur more in collectivist cultures
c) It cannot explain why conformity seems to occur more in individualistic cultures
d) It cannot explain why some people do not conform
b.
Smith & Bond's (1996) meta-analysis is unable to explain why conformity seems to occur more in collectivist cultures.