What is the aim of Shivley et al. (2005)?
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What is the aim of Shivley et al. (2005)?
The aim of Shivley et al. (2005) is to investigate the extent to which stress is linked to obesity and illness in macaque monkeys.
How is stress linked to obesity?
Stress is linked to obesity through the over-production of glucose which can be stored as fat cells, becoming visceral fat. Visceral fat binds around internal organs which leads to health issues e.g. coronary health problems.
What is the stress hormone?
The stress hormone is cortisol.
True or False?
In Shivley et al. (2005), the review article finds that male monkeys are vulnerable to social stress and highly sensitive to social hierarchies.
False.
In Shivley et al. (2005), the review article finds that female monkeys are vulnerable to social stress and highly sensitive to social hierarchies.
What does Shively et al. (2005) find about lower-status subordinate female monkeys and stress?
Shively et al. (2005) finds that lower-status subordinate female monkeys:
have higher levels of cortisol (stress hormone)
tend to be the victims of higher-status monkey’s aggressive acts
are groomed less by other monkeys
spend more time in isolation than other monkeys
experience long-term and intense levels of social stress on a daily basis
True or False?
Shively et al. (2005) finds that subordinate female monkeys have higher cortisol and cholesterol levels, number of fat cells, sympathetic nervous system functioning and risk of heart disease.
True.
Shively et al. (2005) finds that subordinate female monkeys have higher cortisol and cholesterol levels, number of fat cells, sympathetic nervous system functioning and risk of heart disease.
Can the findings of the Shivley et al. (2005) study be generalised to humans?
The findings of Shivley e al. (2005) have some useful generalisability for treating obesity in humans as macaque monkeys and humans share 93% of their DNA. However, stress may operate differently in monkeys compared to humans.
Who investigates the extent to which pheromones are linked to territorial behaviour in male red-backed salamanders?
Martin et al. (2005) investigates the extent to which pheromones are linked to territorial behaviour in male red-backed salamanders.
True or False?
In Martin et al. (2005), 30 male red-backed salamanders are studied in their natural habitat (forest) for 4 months during the experiment.
False.
In Martin et al. (2005), 30 male red-backed salamanders are kept in lab conditions for 4 months before the experiment and returned to the forest afterwards.
In Martin et al. (2005), the salamander is exposed to the following conditions:
Male pheromones on filter paper inside a petri dish
No pheromones at all (control condition)
Female pheromones on filter paper inside a petri dish
In the Martin et al. (2005) study, the salamander is exposed to which three conditions?
In Martin et al. (2005), which pheromones did the male salamanders respond more threateningly towards?
In Martin et al. (2005), male salamanders responded more threateningly toward male pheromones.
What can be concluded based on the findings of Martin et al. (2005)?
It can be concluded from the findings of Martin et al. (2005) that red-backed male salamanders may use pheromones to detect territorial threats, particularly from other male salamanders.
Why is it a strength of Martin et al. (2005) that the salamanders are kept in lab conditions for 4 months before the study?
It is a strength of Martin et al. (2005) that the salamanders are kept in lab conditions for 4 months before the study, so the animals begin the experiment with the same baseline level of time in captivity, increasing the reliability of the findings.
True or False?
The behaviours observed in Martin et al. (2005) may not have been the result of territoriality: other factors may have produced the aggressive behaviour.
True.
The behaviours observed in Martin et al. (2005) may not have been the result of territoriality: other factors may have produced the aggressive behaviour e.g. anxiety, over-excitability, the effect of incarceration after living in captivity for 4 months.