Define a hormone.
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Define a hormone.
A hormone is a chemical secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream.
True or False?
Hormones act rapidly.
False.
Hormones act slowly, unlike neurotransmitters.
What is the function of testosterone?
Testosterone regulates puberty (in males) e.g sperm production and the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
What is the major gland which regulates hormones?
a) the pituitary gland
b) the adrenal gland
c) the thyroid gland
The major gland which regulates hormones is the (a) pituitary gland, located at the base of the hypothalamus.
True or False?
Cortisol is known as the stress hormone.
True.
Cortisol is secreted during times of stress/anxiety.
Which of the following hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland?
a) Melatonin
b) Oxytocin
c) Cortisol
The hormone secreted by the pituitary gland is:
b) Oxytocin
Known as the 'cuddle hormone' as it plays a role in bonding and attachment.
What is the pituitary gland?
a) The major gland that regulates hormones, located at the base of the hippocampus
b) The major gland that regulates pheromones, located at the base of the hypothalamus
c) The major gland that regulates hormones, located at the base of the hypothalamus
The pituitary gland is (c) the major gland that regulates hormones, located at the base of the hypothalamus.
Which of the following is an effect of testosterone?
a) Increased emotional response
b) Increased muscle mass
c) Increased stress
b.
The effect of testosterone increased muscle mass
Testosterone regulates fertility, muscle mass, fat distribution, and red blood cell production.
True or False?
Females do not produce testosterone.
False.
Females produce testosterone but in smaller volumes than males.
What behaviours have been linked to testosterone?
Testosterone has been linked to behaviours such as aggression and competitiveness.
What does research show about testosterone levels in male prisoners?
a) They have higher levels of testosterone than non-violent criminals
b) They have lower levels of testosterone than non-violent criminals
c) There is no difference in their levels of testosterone compared to non-violent criminals
a.
Research shows that males convicted of violent offences tend to have higher levels of testosterone than those convicted of non-violent crimes.
What is oxytocin popularly known as?
a) The 'love' hormone
b) The 'friendship' hormone
c) The ‘cuddle hormone’
c.
Oxytocin is popularly known as the ‘cuddle hormone’ as it is associated with feelings of trust, bonding, and security.
Where in the brain is oxytocin made?
Oxytocin is made in the hypothalamus at the top of the brain stem.
True or False?
Oxytocin is secreted during childbirth and breastfeeding.
True.
Oxytocin is secreted during childbirth and breastfeeding and is thought to be an evolutionary mechanism allowing mother and baby to bond.
Some research shows that oxytocin can be released as a result of:
a) viewing an angry facial expression
b) engaging in a challenging cognitive task
c) listening to music
c.
Some research shows that oxytocin can be released as a result of touch, music, or exercise. Any behaviour which elicits feelings of belonging, attachment or a secure feeling may stimulate oxytocin.
True or False?
Oxytocin is associated with feelings of mistrust, hostility and insecurity.
False.
Oxytocin is associated with feelings of trust, bonding, and security.
A pheromone is a chemical that is secreted by glands to act:
a) inside the body
b) outside of the body
c) down the left side of the body
b.
A pheromone is a chemical that is secreted by glands to act outside of the body.
The first research on pheromones was conducted on:
a) plants
b) insects
c) animals
c.
The first research on pheromones was conducted on animals.
There is compelling evidence to show that animals use pheromones for the purposes of mate selection and territoriality.
What is the vomeronasal sensory organ?
The vomeronasal sensory organ is a collection of neurones deep within the nose that detects pheromones.
True or False?
Pheromones exist in humans.
False.
To date there is no real evidence to show that pheromones exist in humans
Define conspecific.
Conspecific means members of the same species.
True or False?
There may be some validity that a ‘pheromone nerve’ exists in humans.
True.
There may be some validity that a ‘pheromone nerve’ exists in humans: this is known as cranial nerve 0 (CN0) or the terminal nerve.
What do androstadienone and estratetraenol signal?
Androstadienone signals maleness and estratetraenol signals femaleness in humans.
True or False?
Estratetraenol attracts homosexual women.
True.
Estratetraenol signals femaleness thus it attracts heterosexual men and homosexual women.
What is the aim of Zak et al. (2009)?
The aim of the Zak et al. (2009) study is to investigate the role played by testosterone in prosocial behaviour.
What is the sample in Zak et al.'s (2009) study?
a) 25 males and 25 females (mean age of 20.8 years)
b) 25 males (mean age of 80.2 years)
c) 25 males (mean age of 20.8 years)
c.
The sample in Zak et al.'s (2009) study is 25 males (mean age of 20.8 years).
Define double-blind procedure.
A double-blind procedure is where neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving the treatment or the placebo.
True or False?
In the study of Zak et al. (2009), the participants in the Androgel condition (i.e. heightened testosterone) donated more money than their first baseline measurement.
False.
In the study of Zak et al. (2009), the participants in the Androgel condition (i.e. heightened testosterone) donated 27% less money than their first, pre-experiment baseline measurement suggested.
What did Zak et al. (2009) conclude?
a) Men with heightened testosterone levels may exhibit less prosocial behaviour
b) Men with heightened testosterone levels may exhibit more prosocial behaviour
c) There is no difference in prosocial behaviour between men with higher and men with lower testosterone levels
a.
Zak et al. (2009) concluded that men with heightened testosterone levels may exhibit less prosocial behaviour than those with lower testosterone levels.
How might the findings of Zak et al. (2009) be used in a therapeutic setting?
Zak et al.'s (2009) findings could be used to inform therapies for men who may struggle with aggressive or anti-social behaviour.
What is the aim of Morhenn et al.'s (2008) study?
a) To investigate the relationship between oxytocin, massage, and monetary sacrifice
b) To investigate the relationship between oxytocin, music, and monetary sacrifice
c) To investigate the relationship between oxytocin, massage, and number of cuddles given
b.
The aim of Morhenn et al.'s (2008) study is to investigate the relationship between oxytocin, massage, and monetary sacrifice.
True or False?
In the Massage and Trust condition of Morhenn et al.'s (2008) study, the participants receive a 15-minute back massage, followed by a lie game where each participant decides whether or not to tell a lie to the other player.
False.
In the Massage and Trust condition of Morhenn et al.'s (2008) study, the participants receive a 15-minute back massage, followed by a trust game where each participant decides whether to match the donations made by another player.
How does Morhenn et al. (2008) measure participants' oxytocin levels?
Morhenn et al.'s (2008) participant's blood is sampled before and after the procedure to compare the pre-experiment and post-experiment oxytocin levels.
What is one of the key findings of the Morhenn et al. (2008) study?
a) The Massage and Trust group showed the highest increase in oxytocin levels
b) The Massage and Trust group showed the highest decrease in oxytocin levels
c) The Massage and Trust group showed the same oxytocin levels as at baseline
a.
One of the key findings of the Morhenn et al. (2008) study is that the Massage and Trust group showed the highest increase in oxytocin levels (16%).
They also sacrificed 243% more money, with women showing higher levels of oxytocin and more monetary sacrifice overall than men.
What does Morhenn et al. (2008) conclude?
Morhenn et al. (2008) concludes that massage followed by a trust game appears not only to increase oxytocin levels but also to predict the direction of monetary sacrifice.
How does the Morhenn et al. (2008) study show cultural bias?
a) The study is conducted across cultures
b) The study does not consider personality as a factor in trust
c) The study is conducted in an individualistic culture and it could be that a collectivist culture would view trust differently
c.
The Morhenn et al. (2008) study shows cultural bias because the study is conducted in an individualistic culture and it could be that a collectivist culture would view trust differently.
Culture bias means that the results of a study do not relate to more than one culture.
What is the aim of Zhou et al.'s (2014) study?
a) To investigate whether androstadienone (AND) and estratetraenol (EST) function as human pheromones in territoriality
b) To investigate whether androstadienone (AND) and estratetraenol (EST) function as human pheromones in sexual attraction
c) To demonstrate that human pheromones do not exist
b.
The aim of Zhou et al.'s (2014) study is to investigate whether androstadienone (AND) and estratetraenol (EST) function as human pheromones in sexual attraction.
Who comprises Zhou et al.'s (2014) sample?
a) 24 adult heterosexual males; 24 adult heterosexual females; 24 adult homosexual males and 24 adult bisexual or homosexual females
b) 24 adult heterosexual males; 24 adult heterosexual females
c) 94 (51 female; 43 male) heterosexual adults from the University of Oxford
a.
Zhou et al.'s (2014) sample is comprised of 24 adult heterosexual males; 24 adult heterosexual females; 24 adult homosexual males and 24 adult bisexual or homosexual females.
True or False?
The participants of Zhou et al.'s (2014) study watched a series of real male and females walking across a room.
False:
The participants of Zhou et al.'s (2014) study watched a series of point-light figures walking (i.e. not real humans) for 0.5 seconds, then had to say whether the figure was male or female.
In Zhou et al.'s (2014) study, heterosexual males made more judgments that the walker was female when:
a) they were exposed to androstadienone (AND)
b) they were drunk
c) they were exposed to estratetraenol (EST)
c.
In Zhou et al.'s (2014) study, heterosexual males made more judgments that the walker was female when they were exposed to estratetraenol (EST).
EST signals femaleness.
Can the findings of Zhou et al. (2014) be said to be reliable?
Yes, the findings of Zhou et al. (2017) could be said to be reliable as the researchers used a standardised procedure, ensuring a good measure of control.
What is the aim of Hare et al. (2017)?
The aim of Hare et al.'s (2017) study is to investigate whether androstadienone (AND) and estratetraenol (EST) play a role in the perception of gender and attractiveness.
Hare et al. (2017) used counterbalancing.
Define counterbalancing.
Counterbalancing means that half of the participants experience the experimental condition followed by the control condition and the other half experience the control condition followed by the experimental condition. This is done to avoid order effects.
True or False?
For task 1 in Hare et al.'s (2017) study, the participants were shown 5 images of morphed gender-neutral faces (the blending of male and female faces together).
True.
For task 1 in Hare et al.'s (2017) study, the participants were shown 5 images of morphed gender-neutral faces (the blending of male and female faces together).
The participants were asked to identify the gender of each face.
The results of Hare et al.'s (2017) study are:
a) shocking
b) inconclusive
c) disappointing
b.
The results of Hare et al.'s (2017) study are inconclusive.
The researchers found no evidence that androstadienone (AND) or estratetraenol (EST) affected gender perception, attractiveness rating or unfaithfulness rating.
The Hare et al. study (2017) lacks ecological validity.
Define ecological validity.
Ecological validity refers to the extent to which the findings of a study can be generalised to real-life settings or situations.