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Using Scientific Notation (DP IB Physics: SL)

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Katie M

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Katie M

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Scientific Notation & Metric Multipliers

Scientific Notation

  • In physics, measured quantities cover a large range from the very large to the very small
  • Scientific notation is a form that is based on powers of 10
  • The scientific form must have one digit in front of the decimal place
    • Any remaining digits remain behind the decimal place 
    • The magnitude of the value comes from multiplying by 10n where n is called 'the power'
    • This power is positive when representing large numbers or negative when representing small numbers

Worked example

Express 4 600 000 in scientific notation.

Step 1: Write the convention for scientific notation

    • To convert into scientific notation, only one digit may remain in front of the decimal point
      • Therefore, the scientific notation must be 4.6 × 10n

    • The value of n is determined by the number of decimal places that must be moved to return to the original number (i.e. 4 600 000)

Step 2: Identify the number of digits after the 4

    • In this case, that number is +6

Step 3: Write the final answer in scientific notation

    • The solution is: 4.6 × 106

Metric Multipliers

  • When dealing with magnitudes of 10, there are metric names for many common quantities
  • These are known as metric multipliers and they change the size of the quantity they are applied to
    • They are represented by prefixes that go in front of the measurement

  • Some common examples that are well-known include
    • kilometres, km (× 103)
    • centimetres, cm (× 10–2)
    • milligrams, mg (× 103)

  • Metric multipliers are represented by a single letter symbol such as centi- (c) or Giga- (G)
    • These letters go in front of the quantity of interest
    • For example, centimetres (cm) or Gigawatts (GW)

Common Metric Multipliers Table

1-1-2-powers-of-ten-table-new

Worked example

What is the answer to the addition of 3.6 Mm + 2700 km in metres?

Step 1: Check which metric multipliers are in this problem

    • M represents Mega- which is × 106 (not milli- which is small m!)
    • k represents kilo- which is a multiplier of × 103

Step 2: Apply these multipliers to get both quantities to be metres

3.6 × 106 m  +  2.7 × 106 m

Step 3: Write the final answer in units of metres

6.3 × 106 m

Examiner Tip

You are expected to know metric multipliers for your exams. Make sure you become familiar with them in order to avoid any mistakes.

Significant Figures

  • Significant figures are the digits that accurately represent a given quantity
  • Significant figures describe the precision with which a quantity is known
    • If a quantity has more significant figures then more precise information is known about that quantity

Rules for Significant Figures

  • Not all digits that a number may show are significant
  • In order to know how many digits in a quantity are significant, these rules can be followed
    • Rule 1: In an integer, all digits count as significant if the last digit is non-zero
      • Example: 702 has 3 significant figures

    • Rule 2: Zeros at the end of an integer do not count as significant
      • Example: 705,000 has 3 significant figures

    • Rule 3: Zeros in front of an integer do not count as significant
      • Example: 0.002309 has 4 significant figures

    • Rule 4: Zeros at the end of a number less than zero count as significant, but those in front do not.
      • Example: 0.0020300 has 5 significant figures

    • Rule 5: Zeros after a decimal point are also significant figures.
      • Example: 70.0 has 3 significant figures

  • Combinations of numbers must always be to the smallest number significant figures

Worked example

What is the solution to this problem to the correct number of significant figures: 18 × 384?

Step 1: Identify the smallest number of significant figures

    • 18 has only 2 significant figures, while 384 has 3 significant figures
    • Therefore, the final answer should be to 2 significant figures

Step 2: Do the calculation with the maximum number of digits

18 × 384 = 6912

Step 3: Round to the final answer to 2 significant figures

6.9 × 103

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Katie M

Author: Katie M

Expertise: Physics

Katie has always been passionate about the sciences, and completed a degree in Astrophysics at Sheffield University. She decided that she wanted to inspire other young people, so moved to Bristol to complete a PGCE in Secondary Science. She particularly loves creating fun and absorbing materials to help students achieve their exam potential.