Heat Engines (HL) (HL IB Physics)

• A heat engine is a device that converts thermal energy into mechanical work
• Heat engines operate through a series of thermodynamic processes which form a closed cycle
  • A closed cycle is one in which the system returns to its initial state

• A simple heat engine consists of a gas in a cylinder with a piston

A simple heat engine converts thermal energy into mechanical work

• The steps in the operation of a cyclic heat engine process are:

1. Extract heat from a hot reservoir

• • A hot reservoir (a source of thermal energy) at a high temperature transfers heat into the engine

2. Use some of the extracted heat to perform work

• • The gas does mechanical work as it expands which pushes the piston out

3. Release excess heat into a cold reservoir

• • The gas is allowed to cool at constant volume, meanwhile, heat  is released to the surroundings
  • Some of the energy transferred into the engine is released into a cold reservoir (a sink for excess heat) at a lower temperature

4. Repeat cycle

• • Once the heat has been extracted, the piston is pushed down to compress the gas back to its original state
  • The process can then be repeated as many times as needed, continuously converting heat into mechanical work 

• For a cyclic heat engine process, the p-V diagram will form a closed loop
• The area inside the loop is equal to the net work done during one cycle

• The net work done by the engine is:

• Where:
  • = useful work output of the heat engine (J)
  • = heat transferred from hot reservoir to engine (J)
  • = heat transferred from engine to cold reservoir (J)

• The goal of a heat engine is to transfer thermal energy into useful mechanical work as efficiently as possible
• The thermodynamic efficiency of a heat engine can be calculated using

efficiency = 

• Where:
  • = efficiency of a heat engine
  • = useful work output (J)
  • = total energy input from the hot reservoir (J)
  • = energy lost to the cold reservoir (J)