Electrical Conductors & Insulators (HL IB Physics)

Conductors

• A conductor is a material that allows charge (usually electrons) to flow through it easily
• Examples of conductors are:
  • Silver
  • Copper
  • Aluminium
  • Steel

• Conductors tend to be metals

Different materials have different properties of conductivity

• On the atomic scale, conductors are made up of positively charged metal ions within a sea of delocalised electrons

• Metals are excellent conductors of electricity because:
  • Current is the rate of flow of electrons
  • So, the more easily electrons are able to flow in a material, the better it is at conducting electricity

The lattice structure of a conductor with positive metal ions and delocalised electrons

Insulators

• An insulator is a material that has no free charges, hence does not allow the flow of charge through them very easily
• Examples of insulators are:
  • Rubber
  • Plastic
  • Glass
  • Wood

• Some non-metals, such as wood, allow some charge to pass through them
• Despite not being very good at producing an electrical current, insulators are able to conduct static electricity
  • This occurs when an insulator builds up charge on its surface
  • When a charged insulator comes into contact with a conductor, the charge can be transferred