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Properties of Graphs (DP IB Maths: AI HL)
Revision Note
Quadratic Functions & Graphs
What are the key features of quadratic graphs?
- A quadratic graph is of the form where .
- The value of a affects the shape of the curve
- If a is positive the shape is
- If a is negative the shape is
- The y-intercept is at the point (0, c)
- The zeros or roots are the solutions to
- These can be found using your GDC or the quadratic formula
- These are also called the x-intercepts
- There can be 0, 1 or 2 x-intercepts
- There is an axis of symmetry at
- This is given in your formula booklet
- If there are two x-intercepts then the axis of symmetry goes through the midpoint of them
- The vertex lies on the axis of symmetry
- The x-coordinate is
- The y-coordinate can be found using the GDC or by calculating y when
- If a is positive then the vertex is the minimum point
- If a is negative then the vertex is the maximum point
Examiner Tip
- Use your GDC to find the roots and the turning point of a quadratic function
- You do not need to factorise or complete the square
- It is good exam technique to sketch the graph from your GDC as part of your working
Worked example
a)
Write down the equation of the axis of symmetry for the graph .
b)
Sketch the graph .
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Cubic Functions & Graphs
What are the key features of cubic graphs?
- A cubic graph is of the form where .
- The value of a affects the shape of the curve
- If a is positive the graph goes from bottom left to top right
- If a is negative the graph goes from top left to bottom right
- The y-intercept is at the point (0, d)
- The zeros or roots are the solutions to
- These can be found using your GDC
- These are also called the x-intercepts
- There can be 1, 2 or 3 x-intercepts
- There is always at least 1
- There are either 0 or 2 local minimums/maximums
- If there are 0 then the curve is monotonic (always increasing or always decreasing)
- If there are 2 then one is a local minimum and one is a local maximum
Examiner Tip
- Use your GDC to find the roots, the local maximum and local minimum of a cubic function
- When drawing/sketching the graph of a cubic function be sure to label all the key features
- and axes intercepts
- the local maximum point
- the local minimum point
Worked example
Sketch the graph .
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Exponential Functions & Graphs
What are the key features of exponential graphs?
- An exponential graph is of the form
- or where
-
- Where e is the mathematical constant 2.718…
- The y-intercept is at the point (0, k + c)
- There is a horizontal asymptote at y = c
- The value of k determines whether the graph is above or below the asymptote
- If k is positive the graph is above the asymptote
- So the range is
- If k is negative the graph is below the asymptote
- So the range is
- If k is positive the graph is above the asymptote
- The coefficient of x and the constant k determine whether the graph is increasing or decreasing
- If the coefficient of x and k have the same sign then graph is increasing
- If the coefficient of x and k have different signs then the graph is decreasing
- There is at most 1 root
- It can be found using your GDC
Examiner Tip
- You may have to change the viewing window settings on your GDC to make asymptotes clear
- A small scale can make it look as though the curve and an asymptote intercept
- Be careful about how two exponential graphs drawn on the same axes look
- Particularly which one is "on top" either side of the -axis
Worked example
a)
On the same set of axes sketch the graphs and . Clearly label each graph.
b)
Sketch the graph .
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Sinusoidal Functions & Graphs
What are the key features of sinusoidal graphs?
- A sinusoidal graph is of the form
- The y-intercept is at the point where x = 0
- (0, -asin(bc) + d) for
- (0, acos(bc) + d) for
- The period of the graph is the length of the interval of a full cycle
- This is (in degrees) or
- The maximum value is y = a + d
- The minimum value is y = -a + d
- The principal axis is the horizontal line halfway between the maximum and minimum values
- This is y = d
- The amplitude is the vertical distance from the principal axis to the maximum value
- This is a
- The phase shift is the horizontal distance from its usual position
- This is c
Examiner Tip
- Make sure your angle setting is in the correct mode (degrees or radians) at the start of a question involving sinusoidal functions
- Pay careful attention to the angles between which you are required to use or draw/sketch a sinusoidal graph
- e.g. 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°
Worked example
a)
Sketch the graph for the values .
b)
State the equation of the principal axis of the curve.
c)
State the period and amplitude.
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