Urban Social Deprivation (DP IB Geography)
Revision Note
Social Deprivation
There is significant inequality in urban areas both in HICs and LICs
In many areas groups and areas are experiencing social deprivation
Social deprivation can be defined as people or communities lacking access to the resources they need to have a reasonable quality of life
In the UK social deprivation is measured on the index of multiple deprivation which measures deprivation using measures of:
Income
Employment
Education
Health
Crime
Housing and services
Environment
Cycle of deprivation
The cycle of deprivation occurs when poverty is passed from one generation to the next
The limited resources of one generation mean that the next generation's opportunities are limited
Parents can't afford or access educational resources, which disadvantages their children
The educational disadvantages mean that educational attainment is lower and this affects job prospects
Lower standards of living and low incomes affect health and well-being
Barcelona
Barcelona has a population of over 5.7 million people
The highest levels of deprivation in Barcelona are located in:
El Raval which is an inner city area with old, substandard housing
Can Peguera is situated at the city edge
It is one of a number of estates of social housing built in the 1960s
Deindustrialisation in the 1970s and 1980s led to unemployment in Barcelona reaching 20%
Leading many areas to become rundown and derelict
The areas of deprivation have a number of features in common, including:
Low and very low incomes
Higher than average unemployment
Higher than average numbers of single-parent families
Lower levels of educational attainment
Higher incidence of crime and anti-social behaviour
Geographic Patterns of Crime
Crime rates are higher in urban and industrial areas
Much crime is concentrated in areas of high population densities
The exceptions to this are crimes such as fraud and sexual offences, which are more common in areas of low population density
The wealthier areas see car theft, kidnapping, and property damage
Within urban areas, crime rates tend to be higher in areas of social deprivation
Crime is partly due to a lack of job opportunities and large-scale unemployment
Gangs and intimidation are more likely to rule in areas of social deprivation
Rates of vandalism, burglary and vehicle crimes are higher in more deprived areas
Crime hotspots are areas where crime rates are particularly high
These areas often have similar characteristics, including:
Easy access and lack of security
Higher numbers of offenders
High levels of residential buildings
A lack of services
A lack of a police station
Managing urban crime
There are several ways to reduce urban crime, including:
Increased police presence
Use of CCTV
Improved street lights
Women only taxis
Greater number of taxi services around closing time of clubs and bars
Zero tolerance of crime
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