River Landforms (DP IB Geography)
Revision Note
Upper Course Landforms
Waterfalls
Occur on horizontally bedded rocks
Soft rock is undercut by hydraulic action and abrasion
Due to the weight of the water and no support, the waterfall collapses and retreats upstream
Over thousands of years, waterfalls may create a gorge
Formation of a waterfall
Middle & Lower Course Landforms
Meanders
Meanders are formed in rivers due to the combination of erosion and sediment deposition processes
The river erodes the outer bank of a bend, creating a cutbank
Deposition occurs along the inner bank, forming a point bar
As the water flows faster along the outer bend (cutbank) it erodes the bank more, deepening the channel
Sediment is deposited along the inner bend (point bar), causing the bank to build up
Over time, erosional and depositional processes cause the river to develop a sinuous, meandering course
Cross-section through a meander
Floodplains
When a river floods, a floodplain is formed
Alluvium is a mixture of sand and gravel that is eroded on the outside of the meander
Floodplains are built up by channel deposition
Floodplains consist of finer materials
Levees
A landform of deposition
Levees are raised banks
Coarse material is deposited near the channel
Finer material is deposited and carried to the floodplain
Levees are found on the edge of the river
They are formed by repeated flooding
When a river floods, the river’s energy is reduced
Coarse material is dropped first and then lighter material
Over time, the levees build up from coarse material
Floodplain and levee formation
Deltas
Deltas are formed when streams flow into standing bodies of water
Rivers must carry a large amount of sediment for deltas to form
Flocculation increases deposition
Bioconstruction increases deposition
Delta formation must have a rapid drop in stream velocity
There are a variety of delta formations, such as arcuate and bird’s foot
Types of delta
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