Syllabus Edition
First teaching 2024
First exams 2026
Rewilding & Habitat Restoration (HL) (DP IB Environmental Systems & Societies (ESS))
Revision Note
Written by: Alistair Marjot
Reviewed by: Bridgette Barrett
Rewilding & Habitat Restoration
What is rewilding?
Rewilding is a conservation method that involves:
Allowing habitats to return to their natural state
Reintroducing species that were previously driven out or became extinct in that area
Allowing ecosystems to self-regulate
Promoting natural processes such as predation, grazing, and habitat regeneration
Minimal human management
What is habitat restoration?
Habitat restoration aims to:
Repair and regenerate damaged ecosystems, often through human intervention and control
Bring back lost biodiversity and restore ecosystem functions
Use strategies such as replanting native species, removing invasive species, or rehabilitating degraded landscapes (e.g. polluted rivers or deforested areas)
Positive feedback loops in rewilding and habitat restoration
Positive feedback loops refer to a process where the results of an action amplify that action over time
In conservation, some positive feedback loops can lead to enhanced ecosystem recovery
Rewilding and habitat restoration can trigger positive feedback loops that:
Enhance biodiversity: For example, when predators are reintroduced (e.g. wolves in Yellowstone National Park), they control herbivore populations, allowing vegetation to recover and creating valuable habitats for other species
Promote ecosystem equilibrium: The recovery of ecosystems through natural processes leads to healthier, more balanced ecosystems where species interact naturally
Examples of positive feedback:
Increased growth and biomass: As vegetation recovers, it supports herbivores and pollinators, which in turn feed predators
This sustains the ecosystem
Enhanced reproduction and survival: A restored habitat can increase the survival rates of species, which then leads to more reproduction
This further stabilises food webs
Benefits and limitations of rewilding
Benefits of rewilding
Restores biodiversity: Rewilding brings back species that play important roles in ecosystems, leading to healthier environments
Improves ecosystem services: Rewilded areas can provide important services (that are also beneficial to human societies) like carbon sequestration, flood prevention, and water purification
Promotes sustainable ecotourism: Rewilded areas often become destinations for wildlife enthusiasts, providing economic opportunities to local communities
Limitations of rewilding
Land-use conflict: There is often competition between using land for food production and allocating it for rewilding, especially in countries where land is scarce and farming is vital for the economy
Balancing agriculture with conservation can be difficult, especially in densely populated or economically poor regions
Unintended consequences: Sometimes reintroduced species may cause unforeseen effects on local ecosystems or human populations
For example, reintroduced predators may pose risks to livestock
Economic growth vs. conservation: In some regions, governments prioritise economic activities (e.g., mining, logging) over conservation
This can stop large-scale rewilding projects from being undertaken
Examples of rewilding projects
Knepp Estate, England
Knepp Estate is one of the most well-known rewilding projects in the UK, located in West Sussex
Formerly an intensively farmed estate, Knepp turned to rewilding in 2001 when the land proved unproductive for conventional agriculture
Instead of farming, the estate focused on allowing nature to take over, encouraging natural processes such as free-roaming grazing
Benefits:
Increased biodiversity: The introduction of grazing animals like longhorn cattle, Tamworth pigs, and Exmoor ponies has transformed the landscape
This has led to the return of rare species like nightingales, turtle doves, and purple emperor butterflies
Natural ecosystem regeneration: With less human intervention, the land has regenerated naturally, increasing the variety of habitats, including wetlands, scrublands, and woodlands
Carbon sequestration: The increase in natural vegetation, especially woodlands, has helped sequester more carbon, contributing to climate change mitigation
Limitations:
Land-use conflict: Some have questioned the rewilding approach in Knepp, particularly the decision to move away from farming
Given the pressure to use land for food production, this raises debates about balancing agriculture and conservation in the UK
Economic viability: Although the project has seen biodiversity benefits, it depends on ecotourism and government grants for financial sustainability
This raises questions about its long-term economic viability without external support
Affric Highlands, Scotland
The Affric Highlands project is one of Scotland’s largest rewilding efforts, aiming to restore natural habitats across 500,000 acres
It focuses on:
Reviving native forests and peatlands, important carbon sinks
Bringing back wildlife that was once common in the region
Benefits:
Restoration of native species: Efforts are being made to reintroduce species like red squirrels, wildcats, and potentially lynx
These species play important roles in the ecosystem
Ecosystem services: Restoring peatlands and forests not only improves biodiversity but also provides important ecosystem services such as water purification, flood regulation, and carbon storage
Cultural revival: Local communities, especially in the Highlands, benefit from increased tourism and ecotourism opportunities
Limitations:
Rewilding vs. rural development: Some local communities are concerned that large-scale rewilding could impact agricultural activities or rural development
Reintroduction challenges: Reintroducing top predators like the lynx faces opposition from farmers concerned about livestock predation
Oostvaardersplassen, Netherlands
Oostvaardersplassen is a unique rewilding project in the Netherlands, situated on reclaimed land that was originally planned for industrial development
Instead, it became a nature reserve where large herbivores such as red deer, Konik horses, and Heck cattle were introduced to allow natural grazing to shape the landscape
Benefits:
Landscape restoration: The introduction of these large grazers helped create a mosaic of habitats, including grasslands, wetlands, and scrub
This has allowed for the growth of various plant species and the return of birds like white-tailed eagles and spoonbills
Natural processes: The project demonstrated how rewilding could mimic natural processes without active human management
Limitations:
Harsh winters: The reserve has faced criticism for its hands-off approach, particularly during harsh winters when many herbivores starved due to lack of food
This has led to debates about whether human intervention is needed in these extreme circumstances
Management dilemmas: The lack of predators to naturally control herbivore populations has resulted in overgrazing and population booms
This has raised questions about whether the ecosystem can remain self-sustaining
Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique
Early in the 2000s, Gorongosa National Park underwent a significant restoration effort after suffering decades of civil war
Many species were driven to local extinction due to hunting and habitat destruction
Since the restoration project began, efforts have been made to restore biodiversity and rebuild local ecosystems
Benefits:
Restocking of key species: Iconic species like elephants, lions, hippos, and buffalo were reintroduced, helping to restore the park’s ecosystem dynamics
This has created a more balanced food web and restored natural predator-prey interactions
Community involvement: The park restoration has also brought significant benefits to local communities through job creation, ecotourism, and education programmes
The park is now seen as a symbol of Mozambique’s recovery
Biodiversity recovery: Gorongosa is becoming a biodiversity hotspot again
Research has shown an increase in both animal and plant species
Limitations:
Human-wildlife conflict: As large predators and herbivores are reintroduced, there is potential for conflict with local communities, particularly farmers
Managing this balance is an ongoing challenge
Funding dependency: Long-term success depends on sustained funding and continued collaboration between government agencies, NGOs, and international partners to support both conservation work and local livelihoods
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