Issues in Aquaculture (DP IB Environmental Systems & Societies (ESS))

Aquaculture facilities often require the conversion of natural habitats such as wetlands, mangroves, or coastal areas into fish farms

These habitats are cleared or modified to create suitable spaces for aquaculture operations

This habitat loss can have negative impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem functions, and the livelihood of local communities

Excess nutrients from uneaten feed and fish waste can leach into the surrounding water bodies, leading to eutrophication, algal blooms, and oxygen depletion

Some feed formulations may contain additives such as growth enhancers or colourants that can potentially negatively impact water quality

Powerful chemicals known as antifouling agents are used to prevent the growth of marine organisms (e.g. mussels and barnacles) on aquaculture infrastructure - these biocides can leach into the surrounding water, potentially causing harm to marine life

To prevent and treat diseases, aquaculture operations may use antibiotics and other medicines, which can enter the water through waste discharges and pose risks to aquatic organisms and contribute to antibiotic resistance

The high density of fish in aquaculture facilities can facilitate the spread of diseases among farmed fish, leading to increased disease risks and the need for disease management strategies

If proper biosecurity measures are not in place, pathogens can also spread from aquaculture facilities to wild fish populations, impacting their health and survival

Escape of farmed fish from aquaculture facilities can lead to genetic interactions with wild populations, potentially impacting wild species through competition, interbreeding, or transmission of genetic diseases

Some aquaculture operations involve the use of genetically modified fish, raising concerns about potential ecological impacts and ethical considerations if these fish breed with wild populations

Aquaculture raises ethical questions regarding the treatment and welfare of farmed animals, particularly in intensive farming systems

Concerns centre around the confinement and stress experienced by farmed species, the use of antibiotics and growth enhancers, and the overall quality of life for the animals

The concept of biorights, which advocates for the inherent rights of living organisms to exist and thrive, is often discussed in the context of aquaculture ethics

Aquaculture activities may conflict with the rights and interests of indigenous cultures and communities that rely on aquatic resources for their livelihoods and cultural practices

The establishment of aquaculture facilities or the introduction of non-native species can impact traditional fishing grounds, disrupt customary practices, and potentially erode indigenous rights and cultural heritage