Causes & Consequences of Exchange Rate Fluctuations (DP IB Economics)

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Steve Vorster

Written by: Steve Vorster

Reviewed by: Jenna Quinn

Causes of Exchange Rate Fluctuations

  • Numerous factors influence floating exchange rates, resulting in an appreciation or depreciation of a currency

4-5-2-factors-that-influence-exchange-rates

Factors influencing floating exchange rates

 

  1. Relative interest rates: influence the flow of hot money between countries. If the UK increases its interest rate, then demand for £'s by foreign investors increases and the £ appreciates. If the UK decreases its interest rate, then the supply of £'s increases as investors sell their £'s in favour of other currencies and the £ depreciates

  2. Relative inflation rates: as inflation in the UK rises relative to other countries, its exports become more expensive so there is less demand for UK products by foreigners, which means there is less demand for £s and so the £ depreciates

  3. Net  foreign direct investment (FDI): FDI into the UK creates a demand for the £ which leads to the £ appreciating. FDI by UK firms abroad creates a supply of £'s which leads to the £ depreciating

  4. The current account: EU exports have to be paid for in €'s. EU imports have to be paid for in local currencies, which requires €'s to be supplied to the forex market. Due to this, an increasing net exports will result in an appreciation of the € and falling net exports will result in a depreciation of the €
     

  5. Changes in tastes/preferences: As global demand for quinoa increased as it became fashionable, Bolivia's exports of quinoa increased dramatically which put upward pressure on their currency. Foreigners demanded the Boliviano in order to pay for the quinoa

  6. Speculation: the vast majority of currency trades are speculative. Speculation occurs when traders buy a currency in the expectation that it will be worth more in the short to medium term, at which point they will sell it to realise a profit

  7. Net Portfolio Investment: Portfolio investment into the UK creates a demand for the £ which leads to the £ appreciating. Portfolio investment by UK firms abroad creates a supply of £'s which leads to the £ depreciating
     

  8. Remittances: Some countries receive high levels of remittances which help to keep the demand for their currency strong e.g. the Philippines

  9. Relative growth rates: Countries with stronger economic growth rates will attract higher levels of FDI resulting in an appreciation of their currency
     

  10. Central Bank intervention: Any form of monetary policy is likely to influence exchange rates e.g. higher interest rates will increase the hot money flows. Direct intervention using foreign reserves will also influence the exchange rate

Consequences of Foreign Exchange Rate Fluctuations

  • Changes to exchange rates may have far-reaching impacts on an economy
     

 1. Likely impact on the macro economy of a currency depreciation

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A depreciation means that imports are more expensive and exports are cheaper. Net exports should rise leading to an increase in AD from AD1 → AD2

 

2. Likely impact on the macro economy of a currency appreciation

3-2-5-equilibrium-in-keynesian-model

An appreciation means that imports are cheaper and exports are more expensive. Net exports should fall leading to a decrease in AD from AD1 → AD2
 

Impact of an Appreciation or Depreciation on the Economic Indicators


Economic Indicator


Explanation

The Current Account

  • From a UK perspective, the depreciation of the £ causes exports to be cheaper for foreigners to buy and imports to the UK are more expensive

  • The extent to which a currency depreciation improves the current account balance depends on the price elasticity of demand for exports and imports

    • This follows the revenue rule which states that in order to increase revenue, firms should lower prices for products that are price elastic in demand

    • If the price elasticity of demand for UK exports is elastic, then depreciation of the currency will result in a larger than proportional increase in demand for UK exports, which will rapidly improve any current account deficit

Economic growth

  • Net exports are a component of aggregate demand

    • A depreciation that results in an increase in net exports will lead to economic growth

Inflation

  • Cost-push inflation can be caused by a depreciating currency as the price of imported raw materials increases with a weaker currency

  • Net exports are a component of aggregate demand

    • A depreciation that results in an increase in net exports will lead to an increase in aggregate demand

    • This may lead to an increase in demand-pull inflation
       

  • An appreciation of the currency will have the opposite effect

Unemployment

  • If depreciation leads to an increase in exports, unemployment is likely to fall as more workers are required to produce the additional products demanded

  • An appreciation of the currency will have the opposite effect

Living standards

  • The impact of depreciation on living standards can be muted

    •  As imports are more expensive, households face higher prices and less choice, which detracts from living standards

    • Rising exports can decrease unemployment and increase wages/income which means an improved standard of living for some households
       

  • The impact of an appreciation of living standards will be the opposite

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Steve Vorster

Author: Steve Vorster

Expertise: Economics & Business Subject Lead

Steve has taught A Level, GCSE, IGCSE Business and Economics - as well as IBDP Economics and Business Management. He is an IBDP Examiner and IGCSE textbook author. His students regularly achieve 90-100% in their final exams. Steve has been the Assistant Head of Sixth Form for a school in Devon, and Head of Economics at the world's largest International school in Singapore. He loves to create resources which speed up student learning and are easily accessible by all.

Jenna Quinn

Author: Jenna Quinn

Expertise: Head of New Subjects

Jenna studied at Cardiff University before training to become a science teacher at the University of Bath specialising in Biology (although she loves teaching all three sciences at GCSE level!). Teaching is her passion, and with 10 years experience teaching across a wide range of specifications – from GCSE and A Level Biology in the UK to IGCSE and IB Biology internationally – she knows what is required to pass those Biology exams.