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The Nuclear Atom (DP IB Chemistry: SL)

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Mass & Charge Distribution

  • The mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus, because the nucleus contains the heaviest subatomic particles (the neutrons and protons)
    • The mass of the electron is negligible

  • The nucleus is also positively charged due to the protons
  • Electrons orbit the nucleus of the atom, contributing very little to its overall mass, but creating a ‘cloud’ of negative charge
  • The electrostatic attraction between the positive nucleus and negatively charged electrons orbiting around it is what holds an atom together

Atomic Structure Mass and Charge Distribution, downloadable AS & A Level Chemistry revision notes

The mass of the atom is concentrated in the positively charged nucleus which is attracted to the negatively charged electrons orbiting around it

Types of Subatomic Particles

  • The protons, neutrons and electrons that an atom is made up of are called subatomic particles
  • These subatomic particles are so small that it is not practical to measure their masses and charges using conventional units (such as grams or coulombs)
  • Instead, their masses and charges are compared to each other, and so are called ‘relative atomic masses’ and ‘relative atomic charges
  • These are not actual charges and masses, but rather charges and masses of particles relative to each other
    • Protons and neutrons have a very similar mass, so each is assigned a relative mass of 1
    • Electrons are 1836 times smaller than a proton and neutron, and so their mass is often described as being negligible

  • The relative mass and charge of the subatomic particles are:

Relative Mass & Charge of Subatomic Particles Table

Atomic Structure Table_Subatomic Particles, downloadable AS & A Level Chemistry revision notes

Examiner Tip

You can see from the table how the relative mass of an electron is almost negligibleThe charge of a single electron is -1.602189 x 10-19  coulombs, whereas the charge of a proton is +1.602189 x 10-19  coulombs. However, relative to each other, their charges are -1 and +1 respectively. This information can also been found in the IB Data Booklet

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Stewart

Author: Stewart

Expertise: Chemistry Lead

Stewart has been an enthusiastic GCSE, IGCSE, A Level and IB teacher for more than 30 years in the UK as well as overseas, and has also been an examiner for IB and A Level. As a long-standing Head of Science, Stewart brings a wealth of experience to creating Exam Questions and revision materials for Save My Exams. Stewart specialises in Chemistry, but has also taught Physics and Environmental Systems and Societies.