DP IB Chemistry: HL Revision Notes 2016

Syllabus Edition

First teaching 2014

Last exams 2024

1. Stoichiometric Relationships

1.1.1 Elements, Compounds & Mixtures

1.1.2 Equations

1.1.3 State Changes

1.1.4 The Mole Concept

1.1.5 Moles-Mass Problems

1.1.6 Empirical Formulae

1.2.1 Reacting Masses

1.2.2 Reaction Yields

1.2.3 Avogadro's Law & Molar Gas Volume

1.2.4 The Ideal Gas Equation

1.2.5 Gas Law Relationships

1.2.6 Real Gases

1.2.7 Standard Solutions

1.2.8 Concentration Calculations

1.2.9 Titrations

2. Atomic Structure

2.1.1 The Nuclear Atom

2.1.2 Deducing Subatomic Particles

2.1.3 Relative Atomic Mass Calculations

2.1.4 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

2.1.5 Emission Spectra

2.1.6 Energy Levels & Sublevels

2.1.7 Sublevels & Orbitals

2.1.8 Writing Electron Configurations

3. Periodicity

3.1.1 The Periodic Table

3.1.2 Periodic Trends: Physical - Atomic & Ionic Radius

3.1.3 Periodic Trends: Physical - Ionisation Energy

3.1.4 Periodic Trends: Physical - Electron Affinity

3.1.5 Periodic Trends: Physical - Electronegativity

3.1.6 Periodic Trends: Chemical

3.2.1 Periodic Trends: Oxides Across a Period

3.2.2 Periodic Trends: Group 1 - The Alkali Metals

3.2.3 Periodic Trends: Group 17 - The Halogens

4. Chemical Bonding & Structure

4.1.1 Forming Ions

4.1.2 Ionic Compounds

4.1.3 Formulae & Names of Ionic Compounds

4.1.4 Covalent Bonds

4.1.5 Bond Polarity

4.1.6 Lewis Structures

4.2.1 Resonance Structures

4.2.2 Shapes of Molecules

4.2.3 Predicting Molecular Shapes

4.2.4 Molecular Polarity

4.2.5 Giant Covalent Structures

4.3.1 Types of Intermolecular Forces

4.3.2 Deducing Intermolecular Forces

4.3.3 Properties of Covalent Compounds

4.3.4 Metallic Bonding

4.3.5 Trends in Melting Points of Metals

4.3.6 Alloys & their Properties

5. Energetics/ Thermochemistry

5.1.1 Energy Changes in Reactions

5.1.2 Standard Enthalpy Change

5.1.3 Calorimetry

5.1.4 Calorimetry Experiments

5.2.1 Hess's Law

5.2.2 Using Hess's Law - Cycles

5.2.3 Using Hess's Law - Equations

5.2.4 Using ∆Hf° to Find Enthalpy Changes

5.3.1 Bond Enthalpy

5.3.2 Bond Enthalpy Calculations

5.3.3 Energy Profiles

5.3.4 Case Study: Ozone

6. Chemical Kinetics

6.1.1 Collision Theory

6.1.2 Rate of Reaction

6.1.3 Measuring Rates

6.1.4 Activation Energy

6.1.5 Rate Experiments

6.1.6 Explaining Rates

6.1.7 Maxwell-Boltzmann Curves

6.1.8 Energy Profiles & Catalysis

7. Equilibrium

7.1.1 The State of Equilibrium

7.1.2 The Equilibrium Law

7.1.3 Equilibrium Constant Relationships

7.1.4 The Reaction Quotient

7.1.5 Le Chatelier's Principle

7.1.6 Catalysts & Equilibrium

8. Acids & Bases

8.1.1 Brønsted–Lowry Acids & Bases

8.1.2 Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

8.1.3 Characteristic Reactions of Acids

8.1.4 Neutralization

8.2.1 Acid-base Titrations

8.2.2 pH & [H⁺]

8.2.3 Interpreting pH

8.2.4 The Ionic Product of Water

8.2.5 Acid-Base Calculations

8.2.6 pH Meters & Universal Indicator

8.2.7 Strong & Weak Acids & Bases

8.2.8 Comparing Strong & Weak Acids

8.3.1 Acid Deposition

8.3.2 Effects of Acid Deposition

8.3.3 Reducing Sulfur Oxide Emissions

9. Redox Processes

9.1.1 Oxidation & reduction

9.1.2 Deducing Oxidation Numbers

9.1.3 Oxidizing & Reducing agents

9.1.4 Naming Transition Metal Compounds

9.1.5 Half Equations

9.1.6 The Activity Series

9.1.7 Redox Titrations

9.1.8 The Winkler Method

9.1.9 Voltaic Cells

9.1.10 Electrolytic Cells

10. Organic Chemistry

10.1.1 Homologous Series

10.1.2 Understanding Organic Molecules

10.1.3 Nomenclature

10.1.4 Organic Families - Hydrocarbons

10.1.5 Organic Families - Halogenoalkanes

10.1.6 Organic Families - Alcohols & Ethers

10.1.7 Organic Families - Carbonyls

10.1.8 Organic Families - Carboxylic Acids & Esters

10.1.9 Organic Families - Organic Nitrogen Compounds

10.1.10 3-D modelling

10.1.11 Primary, Secondary & Tertiary atoms

10.1.12 Benzene

10.2.1 Alkanes - Combustion

10.2.2 Alkanes - Halogenation

10.2.3 Alkenes - Reactivity

10.2.4 Alkenes - Hydrogenation

10.2.5 Alkenes - Halogenation

10.2.6 Alkenes - Hydrohalogenation

10.2.7 Alkenes - Hydration

10.2.8 Addition Polymers

10.2.9 Alcohols - Combustion

10.2.10 Alcohols - Oxidation

10.2.11 Alcohols - Esterification

10.2.12 Halogenoalkanes

10.2.13 Reactions of Benzene

11. Measurements & Data Processes

11.1.1 Index of Hydrogen Deficiency

11.1.2 Mass Spectrometry

11.1.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

11.1.4 Infrared Spectroscopy

11.2.1 Recording Data

11.2.2 Processing Errors

11.2.3 Reducing the Impact of Errors

11.2.4 Percentage Error

11.2.5 Drawing Graphs

11.2.6 Analysing Graphs

12. HL Atomic Structure

12.1.1 Emission Spectra & First Ionisation Energy

12.1.2 Ionisation Energy Trends

13. HL The Periodic Table- Transition Metals

13.1.1 Transition Elements

13.1.2 Variable Oxidation States

13.1.3 Complex Ions

13.1.4 Catalytic & Magnetic Properties

13.1.5 Colour in Transition Metals

13.1.6 Factors Affecting Colour

14. HL Chemical Bonding & Structure

14.1.1 Covalent Bonds

14.1.2 More Lewis Structures

14.1.3 Further VSEPR Theory

14.1.4 Formal Charge

14.2.1 Delocalisation & Resonance

14.2.2 Ozone Revisited

14.2.3 Hybrid Orbitals

15. HL Energetics / Thermochemistry

15.1.1 Key Enthalpy Terms

15.1.2 Born-Haber Cycles

15.1.3 Born-Haber Cycle Calculations

15.1.4 Dissolution Energy Cycles

15.1.5 Energy Changes in Aqueous Solutions

15.2.1 Entropy

15.2.2 Calculating Entropy Change

15.2.3 Gibbs Free Energy

15.2.4 Spontaneous Reactions

15.2.5 Free Energy & Equilibrium

16. HL Chemical Kinetics

16.1.1 Rate Equations

16.1.2 Rate Constants

16.1.3 Graphical Representations

16.1.4 Rate Determining Step

16.1.5 Mechanism Problems

16.2.1 The Arrhenius Equation

16.2.2 Graphing the Arrhenius Equation

16.2.3 Activation Energy from Rate Constants

17. HL Equilibrium

17.1.1 Applying the Equilibrium Law

17.1.2 Gibbs Free Energy & the Equilibrium Constant

18. HL Acids & Bases

18.1.5 Salt Hydrolysis

18.2.1 Acid & Base Dissociation Constants

18.2.2 Acid & Base Problem Solving

19. HL Redox Processes

19.1.1 Electrochemical Cells

19.1.2 The Standard Hydrogen Electrode

19.1.3 Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions

19.1.4 Quantitative Electrolysis

19.1.5 Free Energy & Eº

19.1.6 Electroplating

20. HL Organic Chemistry

20.1.1 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

20.1.2 Electrophilic Addition Reactions

20.1.3 Electrophilic Substitution Reactions

20.1.4 Reduction Reactions

20.2.1 Synthesis

20.3.1 Stereoisomers

20.3.2 Cis-Trans & E/Z Isomers

20.3.3 Optical Isomers

21. Measurement & Analysis

21.1.1 High Resolution NMR

21.1.2 X-Ray Crystallography

21.1.3 Structure Identification Problems

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