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IBChemistryDPSLFlashcardsWhat are the Mechanisms of Chemical Change?Electron Pair Sharing Reactions

Electron Pair Sharing Reactions (DP IB Chemistry)

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  • What is a nucleophile?

    A nucleophile is an electron-rich species that can donate a pair of electrons.

  • What is a nucleophilic substitution reaction?

    A nucleophilic substitution reaction is one in which a nucleophile attacks a carbon atom which carries a partial positive charge.

  • Complete the general mechanism for nucleophilic substitution.

    Nucleophilic substitution mechanism without arrows.

    The completed general mechanism for nucleophilic substitution is:

    General mechanism for nucleophilic substitution

  • Complete the equation for the following reaction:

    CH3CH2Cl + :OH– →

    The equation for the completed reaction is:

    CH3CH2Cl + :OH– → CH3CH2OH + :Br–

  • True or False?

    Water can act as a nucleophile.

    True.

    Water can act as a nucleophile.

  • True or False?

    A nucleophile accepts an electron pair to form a new bond, as another bond breaks producing a leaving group.

    False.

    A nucleophile donates an electron pair to form a new bond, as another bond breaks producing a leaving group.

  • What is formed from this mechanism?

    Nucleophilic substitution reaction between OH- and CH3CH2Br

    CH3CH2OH and :Br- are formed in this reaction.

    Nucleophilic substitution reaction between OH- and CH3CH2Br

  • Give two examples of neutral nucleophiles.

    Examples of neutral nucleophiles include:

    • H2O

    • NH3

    • ROH

    • RNH2

  • Give two examples of charged nucleophiles.

    Examples of charged nucleophiles include:

    • OH-

    • CN-

    • X-

    • R- (carbonaions)

  • Why do halogens make good leaving groups?

    Halogens make good leaving groups as they form relatively weak bonds with carbon.

  • True or False?

    Haloalkanes will undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions due to the polar C-X bond (where X is a halogen).

    True.

    Haloalkanes will undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions due to the polar C-X bond (where X is a halogen).

  • What is heterolytic fission?

    Heterolytic fission is the breakage of a covalent bond when both bonding electrons remain with one of the two fragments formed.

  • In heterolytic fission, a arrow is used to show the movement of a pair of electrons.

    In heterolytic fission, a double-headed arrow is used to show the movement of a pair of electrons.

  • What is H+ in the following mechanism described as?

    H+ electrophile and OH- nucleophile

    In the following mechanism, H+ is acting as an electrophile.

    H+ electrophile and OH- nucleophile

  • What is OH- in the following mechanism described as?

    H+ electrophile and OH- nucleophile

    In the following mechanism OH- is acting as a nucleophile.

    H+ electrophile and OH- nucleophile

  • What is an electrophile?

    An electrophile is an electron-deficient species that can accept a pair of electrons.

  • How does the following mechanism show heterolytic fission?

    Heterolytic fission

    The mechanism shows heterolytic fission as the more electronegative atom takes both the electrons from the bond to form a negative ion and leaves behind a positive ion.

    Heterolytic fission

  • What is an electrophilic addition reaction?

    An electrophilic addition reaction is the addition of an electrophile to an alkene double bond, C=C

  • Give two examples of neutral electrophiles.

    Examples of neutral electrophiles include:

    • HX (hydrogen halides)

    • X2 (halogens)

    • H2O

    • RX (halogenoalkanes)

  • Give two examples of charged electrophiles.

    Examples of charged electrophiles include:

    • H+

    • NO2+

    • NO+

    • R+

  • Propene reacts with steam to form ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ .

    Propene reacts with steam to form propanol.

  • Propene reacts with HCl to form ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ .

    Propene reacts with HCl to form chloropropane .

  • True or False?

    Halogens, X2, react with alkenes to form dihalogenoalkanes.

    True.

    Halogens, X2, react with alkenes to form dihalogenoalkanes.

  • Why are alkenes susceptible to electrophilic attack?

    Alkenes are susceptible to electrophilic attack because of the high electron density of the carbon–carbon double bond

  • Draw the product formed by the reaction between propene and bromine.

    The product formed by the reaction between propene and bromine is:

    1,2-dibromobutane molecule
Previous:Electron Sharing ReactionsNext:Proton Transfer Reactions

    1. Topic 1

      Introduction to the Particulate Nature of Matter

    2. Topic 2

      The Nuclear Atom

    3. Topic 3

      Electronic Configurations

    4. Topic 4

      Counting Particles by Mass: The Mole

    5. Topic 5

      Ideal Gases

    1. Topic 1

      The Ionic Model

    2. Topic 2

      The Covalent Model

    3. Topic 3

      The Metallic Model

    4. Topic 4

      From Models to Materials

    1. Topic 1

      The Periodic Table: Classification of Elements

    2. Topic 2

      Functional Groups: Classification of Organic Compounds

    1. Topic 1

      Measuring Enthalpy Change

    2. Topic 2

      Energy Cycles in Reactions

    3. Topic 3

      Energy from Fuels

    1. Topic 1

      How Much? The Amount of Chemical Change

    2. Topic 2

      How Fast? The Rate of Chemical Change

    3. Topic 3

      How Far? The Extent of Chemical Change

    1. Topic 1

      Proton Transfer Reactions

    2. Topic 2

      Electron Transfer Reactions

    3. Topic 3

      Electron Sharing Reactions

    4. Topic 4

      Electron Pair Sharing Reactions

    1. Topic 1

      Tool 1: Experimental Techniques

    2. Topic 2

      Tool 3: Mathematics