Phosphine, PH3, can react with a hydrogen ion, H+, to form the phosphonium ion.
Which type of bond is formed in this reaction?
dipole-dipole forces
coordinate bond
ionic bond
hydrogen bond
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Syllabus Edition
First teaching 2023
First exams 2025
Phosphine, PH3, can react with a hydrogen ion, H+, to form the phosphonium ion.
Which type of bond is formed in this reaction?
dipole-dipole forces
coordinate bond
ionic bond
hydrogen bond
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Silver and iodine are both shiny crystalline solids.
Which forces exist between neighbouring iodine molecules in solid iodine and particles in solid silver?
|
iodine |
silver |
A |
metallic bonds |
covalent bonds |
B |
ionic bonds |
metallic |
C |
covalent bonds |
covalent bonds |
D |
London dispersion forces |
metallic |
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In acidic conditions, ammonia, NH3, reacts with a proton, H+, to form ammonium NH4+.
Using the following key:
N electron
H electron
Which of the following Dot & Cross diagrams correctly illustrate electron movement in this reaction.
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Which of these atoms is most electronegative?
Cl
Mg
Br
Na
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Based on their Pauling electronegativity values, which atom is more likely to form a covalent bond with fluorine?
|
atom |
Pauling value |
|
fluorine |
4.0 |
A |
hydrogen |
2.2 |
B |
copper |
1.9 |
C |
magnesium |
1.3 |
D |
potassium |
0.8 |
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Hydrazine, N2H4, is a precursor for multiple pharmaceutical compounds.
Which of the diagrams below illustrate the most likely structure and bond angle of hydrazine?
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Two boron-containing species, boron trifluoride (BF3) and the borohydride ion (BH4-), have different molecular shapes.
What are the shapes around the boron atom in these molecules?
|
boron trifluoride (BF3) |
borohydride ion (BH4−) |
A |
pyramidal |
tetrahedral |
B |
pyramidal |
square planar |
C |
trigonal planar |
tetrahedral |
D |
trigonal planar |
square planar |
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Graphite has a structure containing layers of carbon atoms in hexagonal rings.
Why is graphite a good conductor of electricity?
It has delocalised ions which can move and carry charge
It has delocalised electrons which are mobile
There are only weak London forces between the layers
Each carbon atom in the layers has only three covalent bonds
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What is the correct bond angle in a trigonal planar molecule?
107°
120°
180°
109.5°
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Which of the following is correct?
|
Shape of SF6 molecule |
Bond angle in SF6 molecule |
A |
Octahedral |
90° |
B |
Square planar |
90° |
C |
Trigonal bipyramidal |
120° |
D |
Tetrahedral |
109.5° |
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Which statement about the physical properties of substances is correct?
Covalent structures always have high melting points
Metals only conduct electricity when solid
Metals always have high melting points
Ionic substances conduct electricity when liquid
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Which of the following statements about graphite is correct?
The bond angle in graphite is 109.5 o
There are only London forces between the layers of graphite
Graphite has a higher melting point than diamond
Graphite is soluble in water
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Which of the following is correct?
|
Shape of CCl4 molecule |
Bond angle in CCl4 molecule |
A |
Octahedral |
90° |
B |
Square planar |
90° |
C |
Trigonal bipyramidal |
120° |
D |
Tetrahedral |
109.5° |
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Which substance is described in the table below?
Melting point |
Electrical Conductivity |
Solubility |
Very high |
Non-conductor |
Does not dissolve |
Silicon dioxide
Buckminsterfullerene
Graphite
Sodium chloride
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Which of the following is the correct resonance hybrid structure of the carbonate ion, CO32-?
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Which of the following dipole labels are not correct?
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Which of the following compounds is polar?
CCl4
BF3
PH3
CH3CH3
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Which of the following statements is not correct?
The strongest type of intermolecular force in ammonia is hydrogen bonding
The strongest type of intermolecular force in water is hydrogen bonding
The strongest type of intermolecular force in hydrogen chloride is permanent dipole
The strongest type of intermolecular forces in ethanol is permanent dipole
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Which of the following statements about ethylamine, CH3CH2NH2, is correct?
The strongest type of intermolecular force are London dispersion forces
The nitrogen atom does not have a lone pair present
The strongest type of intermolecular force is permanent dipole permanent dipole forces
The strongest type of intermolecular force is hydrogen bonding
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Which of the following statements about butane, CH3CH2CH2CH3, and propanone, CH3COCH3 are correct?
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
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Which of the following can form a sigma (σ) bond?
I. Overlap between an s-orbital and a p-orbital
II. Overlap between two s-orbitals
III. Overlap between two p-orbitals
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II and III
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What is the correct number of sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds in ethanoic anhydride, CH3COOCOCH3?
Number of sigma (σ) bonds | Number of pi (π) bonds | |
A. | 10 | 4 |
B. | 10 | 2 |
C. | 12 | 2 |
D. | 12 | 4 |
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Which element does not form stable compounds that break the octet rule?
Sulfur
Oxygen
Boron
Chlorine
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What are the bond angles in a molecule with five electron domains, XY5?
Axial bond angles / o | Equatorial bond angles / o | |
A. | 90 | 90 |
B. | 120 | 90 |
C. | 90 | 120 |
D. | 120 | 120 |
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What is the correct formula to work out the formal charge on an atom?
FC = (Number of valence electrons) - (Number of bonding electrons) - (Number of non-bonding electrons)
FC = (Number of valence electrons) - (Number of bonding electrons) - (Number of non-bonding electrons)
FC = (Number of valence electrons) - (Number of non-bonding electrons) - (Number of bonding electrons)
FC = (Number of valence electrons) - (Number of non-bonding electrons) - (Number of bonding electrons)
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Which compound contains delocalised electrons?
Cyclohexane, C6H12
Cyclohexene, C6H10
Benzene, C6H6
Cyclohexanol, C6H11OH
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Which structure does not show resonance?
Carbonate ion, CO32-
Hydroxide ion, OH-
Ethanoate ion, CH3COO-
Nitrate ion, NO3-
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Which is the correct description of how an sp2 orbital is formed?
One s-orbital mixes with three p-orbitals
Two s-orbitals mixes with two p-orbitals
One s-orbital mixes with two p-orbitals
One s-orbital mixes with one p-orbital
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The structure of glycine is shown below:
What is the correct number of sp2 and sp3 hybridized atoms in glycine?
Number of sp2 hybridised atoms | Number of sp3 hybridised atoms | |
A. | 8 | 2 |
B. | 2 | 8 |
C. | 3 | 2 |
D. | 2 | 3 |
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Which of the following statements about 2-methylpropan-2-ol, CH3C(CH3)(OH)CH3, are correct ?
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
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Which of the following molecules has the biggest overall dipole?
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The electronegativity of four elements are given below
N = 3.0 H = 2.1 F = 4.0 P = 2.1
What is the correct order of polarity for the following compounds
PH3 < PF3 < NF3 < NH3
PH3 < PF3 < NH3 < NF3
NF3 < NH3 < PH3 < PF3
PH3 < NH3 < NF3 < PF3
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Below are four molecules. Which is the most polar molecule present?
CH3NH2
CH4
CCl4
CO2
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The correct order of increasing boiling points for the following compounds is
1-chlorobutane < butane < butan-1-ol
Butan-1-ol < 1-chlorobutane < butane,
Butane < 1-chlorobutane < butan-1-ol
Butan-1-ol < butane < 1-chlorobutane
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What is the strongest type of intermolecular force exhibited in the amino acid molecule serine?
London dispersion forces
Permanent dipole permanent dipole forces
Hydrogen bonding
Covalent bonding
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Hexane, C6H14 and 2,2-dimethylbutane, CH3C(CH3)2CH2CH3, are two isomers of one another and have the same Mr of 86.0.
Hexane has a higher boiling point than 2,2-dimethylbutane.
Which of the following statements is not correct?
hexane has a higher boiling point because it is a straight chain molecule
2,2-dimethylbutane has a lower boiling point as it is a branched molecule
2,2-dimethylbutane only contains London dispersion forces
hexane contains permanent dipole permanent dipole forces
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Which of the following statements about propanal and propanone are correct?
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
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Which molecule has the lowest boiling point?
CH3CH2CHO
CH3CH2CH2Cl
CH3CH2CH3
CH3CH2COOH
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Which of the following statements about ammonia, NH3, is not correct?
The lone pair on nitrogen can form a coordinate bond
The bond angle in the NH3 molecule is 107o
The strongest type of intermolecular force is hydrogen bonding
There are four bonding pairs of electrons in the NH3 molecule
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The following equation shows the dissociation equilibrium of PCl5.
PCl5(g) → PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
The percentage yield of PCl3 varies with temperature.
At 160°C PCl3 yield is 13% and at 300°C yield is100%.
Which of the following rows is correct?
|
The reaction is |
Shape of PCl3 molecule |
A |
exothermic |
trigonal pyramidal |
B |
exothermic |
trigonal planar |
C |
endothermic |
trigonal pyramidal |
D |
endothermic |
trigonal planar |
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Boron trifluoride, BF3, reacts with trimethylamine, (CH3)3N, to form a compound of formula (CH3)3N.BF3.
How may this reaction be written using 3D structures to show the shapes of the reactants and products?
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Which of the following statements about graphite are correct?
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
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Which statement below shows the correct information about diamond and silicon?
Diamond is macromolecular and silicon is simple molecular
The bond angles in the two structures are the same
The bond lengths are longer in C-C than in Si-Si
Diamond and silicon both conduct electricity due to delocalised electrons in their structure
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How many lone pairs of electrons are there around the chlorine atom in a molecule of chlorine trifluoride, ClF3?
1
2
3
0
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Which one of these species has a bond angle of 120°?
H3O+
TlBr32-
BCl3
NH3
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Which of the following statements about silicon dioxide is correct?
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
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Ibuprofen is an anti-inflammatory drug that is used for treating pain, fever and inflammation. The structure is shown below.
Ibuprofen
What are the correct bond angles for a and b?
|
a |
b |
A |
120o |
120o |
B |
107o |
109.5o |
C |
109.5o |
120o |
D |
120o |
109.5o |
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Which of the following molecules obeys the octet rule?
BF3
HCN
BeCl2
CS2
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Which row in the table is correct?
|
Shape of diamond structure |
Melting point of buckminsterfullerene |
Bond angle in graphene |
A |
Square planar |
Relatively high |
90o |
B |
Tetrahedral |
Relatively low |
107o |
C |
Trigonal Planar |
Relatively high |
109.5o |
D |
Tetrahedral |
Relatively low |
120o |
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Dichlorodifluoromethane, CCl2F2, has been used in aerosol propellants and as a refrigerant.
Which statement helps to explain why dichlorodifluoromethane is chemically inert?
the carbon-fluorine bond energy is large
the carbon-fluorine bond has a low polarity
fluorine is highly electronegative
fluorine compounds are non-flammable
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Which of the following statements are true for XeO3?
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
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Which species breaks the octet rule?
PCl3
BF4-
SCl4
NH4+
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Which molecule is trigonal bipyramidal in shape?
PCl3
SiCl4
PCl5
SF6
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How many sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds are there in the following molecule?
|
Sigma (σ) bonds |
Pi (π) bonds |
A |
9 |
2 |
B |
9 |
4 |
C |
11 |
2 |
D |
11 |
4 |
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Which combination correctly describes the geometry of BrF4- ?
|
Electron domain geometry around Br |
Molecular geometry around Br |
A |
Octahedral |
Tetrahedral |
B |
Tetrahedral |
Square planar |
C |
Octahedral |
Square planar |
D |
Tetrahedral |
Tetrahedral |
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Which species contain delocalised electrons?
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
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Which combination describes the PH4+ ion?
|
Molecular geometry |
Central atom hybridisation |
A |
Tetrahedral |
sp3 |
B |
Square planar |
sp3 |
C |
Tetrahedral |
sp2 |
D |
Square planar |
sp2 |
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What is the hybridisation of carbon and oxygen in methanol?
|
Hybridisation of C |
Hybridisation of O |
A |
sp2 |
sp2 |
B |
sp2 |
sp |
C |
sp |
sp2 |
D |
sp3 |
sp3 |
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Which species have delocalised π electrons?
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
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CHCl3 and Br2 are both liquids at room temperature due to the existence of dipoles.
What dipoles are involved within CHCl3 and Br2?
|
CHCl3 |
Br2 |
A |
induced dipoles only |
induced dipoles only |
B |
induced dipoles only |
induced dipoles and permanent dipoles |
C |
induced dipoles and permanent dipoles |
induced dipoles and permanent dipoles |
D |
induced dipoles and permanent dipoles |
induced dipoles only |
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What is the correct structure of the chlorite ion, ClO2- ?
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Which of the following statements about 2-chloropropene, CH2C(Cl)CH3 is correct?
There are 4 lone pairs in the molecule
There are 22 valence electrons in the molecule
All the atoms in the molecule follow the octet rule
There are 7 σ bonds
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Which of the following structures do not obey the octet rule?
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
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Which is the shortest bond length in the following gases?
oxygen-oxygen in oxygen gas, O2
carbon-carbon in ethyne gas, C2H2
nitrogen-nitrogen in nitrogen gas, N2
oxygen-oxygen in ozone gas, O3
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Which statement best describes the intramolecular bonding in a carbonate ion, CO32-?
Only London forces
Electrostatic attraction between pairs of electrons and positively charged nuclei
Permanent dipole permanent dipole forces
Electrostatic attraction between separate carbonate ions
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The number of electrons in the valence shell of elements X and Y are 5 and 7 respectively. What is the formula and type of compound formed from these elements?
Covalent, XY3
Ionic, XY3
Covalent, X3Y
Ionic, X3Y
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The nitrate(V) ion, NO3-, is a polyatomic ion, bonded by covalent bonds.
Which of the following shows the correct displayed formula for the nitrate ion?
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In which series of compounds does covalent character increase when going from left to right?
KI, KBr, KCl
NaI, KI, RbI
NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3
SO2, P4O10, SiO2
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Which of the following molecules will have the highest boiling point?
CH3CH2CHO
CH3CH2CH2NH2
CH3CH2OCH3
CH3CH2CH2F
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What is the correct order of boiling points for the following molecules, from lowest to highest?
CH3F < F2 < CH3CH2F < HF
F2 < CH3F < CH3CH2F < HF
F2 < CH3CH2F < CH3F < HF
HF < CH3CH2F <C H3F < F2
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In which of the following processes do hydrogen bonds get broken?
2HBr (g) → H2 (g) + Br2 (g)
C2H6 (l) → 2C (g) + 6H (g)
H2 (l) → H2 (g)
NH3 (l) → NH3 (g)
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Hydrogen bonding occurs between molecules of propanal, CH3CH2CHO, and molecules of liquid Y. Which of the following is most likely to be liquid Y?
CH3CO2CH3
CH3OH
CH3COCH3
CH3CHO
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The following statements are all correct. Which of the statements can be explained, in part, by hydrogen bonding?
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
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Hydrogen bonding can occur between propanal, CH3CH2CHO and which other molecule?
CH3COOH
CH3CO2CH3
CH3CH2F
CH3COCH3
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Which of the following about dimethylamine, NH(CH3)2 , is correct?
|
Bond angle |
Strongest type of intermolecular force present |
A |
109.5 |
Permanent dipole permanent dipole forces |
B |
109.5 |
London dispersion forces |
C |
107o |
Hydrogen bonding |
D |
105o |
Hydrogen bonding |
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Which of the following statements are correct?
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
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Which of the species shown below does not have resonance structures?
C6H6
CO32-
C2H4
O3
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The correct molecular geometry and domain geometry for phosphorus trichloride, PCl3, is:
|
molecular geometry |
domain geometry |
A |
trigonal planar |
trigonal planar |
B |
trigonal pyramid |
tetrahedral |
C |
tetrahedral |
trigonal planar |
D |
tetrahedral |
trigonal pyramid |
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Below are statements about the structure and bonding in silicon dioxide. Which pair of statements is correct?
|
structure |
bonding |
A |
silicon dioxide molecules are bent linear |
silicon atoms have covalent bonds to two oxygen atoms |
B |
silicon dioxide has a giant macromolecular structure |
each oxygen bonds covalently to one silicon atom |
C |
silicon dioxide has a giant macromolecular structure |
silicon atoms bond to four oxygen atoms |
D |
silicon dioxide molecules are linear |
silicon and oxygen atoms are joined by a double covalent bond |
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Which compounds have an ionic lattice structure in the solid state?
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
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What is the correct shape of a ClF2- ion?
Linear
T-Shaped
Bent
Trigonal planar
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The correct shape and bond angle for the TlBr32- ion?
|
Shape |
Bond angle |
A |
Pyramidal |
120° |
B |
Pyramidal |
107° |
C |
Tetrahedral |
109.5° |
D |
Tetrahedral |
120° |
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Which of the following is correct for the molecules of BeCl2 and BeCl42-?
|
BeCl2 |
BeCl42- |
Shape |
Bond angle |
Shape |
Bond angle |
|
A |
Linear |
109.5° |
Square planar |
90° |
B |
V-shaped |
107° |
Square planar |
90° |
C |
V-shaped |
105° |
Tetrahedral |
109.5° |
D |
Linear |
180° |
Tetrahedral |
109.5° |
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Tramadol is an example of a painkiller which is classed as an opioid analgesic. It binds to opioid receptors in the central nervous system and inhibits noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake inhibiting pain transmission
The structure is shown below
Which of the following are the correct bond angles for a, b and c?
a |
b |
c |
|
A |
120o |
109.5o |
107o |
B |
120o |
107o |
105o |
C |
107o |
109.5o |
107o |
D |
109.5o |
107o |
105o |
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Some properties of substance X are given in the following table
Melting Point |
Very high |
Strength |
Very strong across the layer |
Conductivity |
Excellent conductor |
Example of a Use |
Used as a coating for smartphones, tablets and computers |
What is a possible identity of substance X?
Graphene
Graphite
Silicon dioxide
Buckminsterfullerene
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Sulfur forms the compound S4N4 with nitrogen, the structure is shown below.
Which of the following statements about S4N4 is correct?
The sulfur atom marked x has two lone pairs
The sulfur atom marked y has two lone pairs
Each N atom has two lone pairs
The N-S-N bond angle will be larger than S=N=S bond angle
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Nitrous acid is produced when nitrogen dioxide dissolves in water to produce acid rain. What is the correct Lewis structure for nitrous acid?
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The structure of benzoic acid is shown below:
What is the correct number of sigma (σ) bonds and pi (π) electrons in benzoic acid?
Number of sigma bonds | Number of pi electrons | |
A. | 10 | 6 |
B. | 15 | 8 |
C. | 17 | 4 |
D. | 9 | 10 |
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Which of the following correctly describes the F-S-F bond angles in sulfur tetrafluoride, SF4?
Axial F-S-F bond angle / ° | Equatorial F-S-F bond angle / ° | |
A. | 90 | 120 |
B. | <90 | >120 |
C. | <90 | <120 |
D. | >90 | <120 |
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Which of the following species is polar?
ICl4-
PF5
SO3
SH2
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What are the formal charges on the atoms labelled 1, 2 and 3 on the hydrogen phosphate ion, HPO42-?
Formal charge on atom 1 | Formal charge on atom 2 | Formal charge on atom 3 | |
A. | 0 | 0 | -1 |
B. | 0 | +1 | -1 |
C. | -1 | 0 | -1 |
D. | +1 | -2 | 0 |
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The structure of the DNA base cytosine is shown below:
What is the correct number of sp3 and sp2 orbitals in a cytosine molecule?
Number of sp3 orbitals | Number of sp2 orbitals | |
A. | 2 | 6 |
B. | 12 | 12 |
C. | 9 | 15 |
D. | 8 | 18 |
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Which species can be represented with only one Lewis structure?
H2PO4-
O3
CH3COCH3
1,3 cyclohexadiene
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In which group do both compounds contain delocalised electrons?
K2CO3 and cyclohexene, C6H10
KOH and methybenzene, C7H8
KHCO3 and buta-1,3-diene, C4H6
Methanol and sodium methanoate, HCOONa
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Which is not a correct statement about sp3 hybridised carbons?
They can form sigma or pi bonds
They have the electron arrangement 1s22s12p3
They have four bonding orbitals of equal energy
The bonding orbitals have s character and p character
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The structure of the painkiller paracetamol, often known as acetaminophen, is shown below:
Which of the following is not present in the structure?
5 lone pairs
7 atoms with bond angles of 120o around them
8 atoms with sp2 hybrid orbitals
16 sigma (σ) bonds
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The structure of benzene is often shown as
This is a representation of a resonance hybrid structure that lies between these two possible structures
Evidence for this resonance structure is:
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
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Which row of the table is correct about the trend and explanation in the boiling points of the alcohols CH3OH, C2H5OH and C3H7OH?
Trend in boiling points |
Explanation |
|
A |
CH3OH >C2H5OH > C3H7OH |
The London dispersion forces decrease with each additional CH2 |
B |
CH3OH >C2H5OH > C3H7OH |
The strength of the hydrogen bonds decreases with each additional CH2 |
C |
C3H7OH >C2H5OH >CH3OH |
The London dispersion forces increase with each additional CH2 |
D |
C3H7OH >C2H5OH >CH3OH |
The strength of the hydrogen bonds increases with each additional CH2 |
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