The Electromagnetic Spectrum (HL IB Chemistry)

• The electromagnetic spectrum is a range of frequencies that covers all electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and energy
• It is divided into bands or regions, and is very important in analytical chemistry.
• The spectrum shows the relationship between frequency, wavelength and energy
• Frequency is how many waves pass per second, and wavelength is the distance between two consecutive peaks on the wave
• Gamma rays, X-rays and UV radiation are all dangerous - you can see from that end of the spectrum that it is high frequency and high energy, which can be very damaging to your health

The electromagnetic spectrum diagram

The electromagnetic spectrum spans a broad spectrum from very long radio waves to very short gamma rays

• All light waves travel at the same speed; what distinguishes them is their different frequencies
• The speed of light (symbol ‘c’) is constant and has a value of 3.00 x 10⁸ ms^-1
• As you can see from the spectrum, frequency (symbol ‘f') is inversely proportional to wavelength (symbol ‘λ')
  • In other words, the higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength
• The equation that links them is c = fλ 
• Since c is constant you can use the formula to calculate the frequency of radiation given the wavelength, and vice versa

Continuous versus line spectrum

• A continuous spectrum in the visible region contains all the colours of the spectrum
• This is what you are seeing in a rainbow, which is formed by the refraction of white light through a prism or water droplets in rain

Continuous spectrum diagram

A continuous spectrum shows all frequencies of light

• However, a line spectrum only shows certain frequencies

Helium spectrum diagram

The line spectrum of helium which shows only certain frequencies of light

• This tells us that the emitted light from atoms can only be certain fixed frequencies - it is quantised (quanta means 'little packet')
• Electrons can only possess certain amounts of energy - they cannot have any energy value