Multinational Companies (MNCs) (DP IB Business Management)
Revision Note
Written by: Lisa Eades
Reviewed by: Steve Vorster
An Introduction to Globalisation
Globalisation is the economic integration of different countries through increasing freedoms in the cross-border movement of people, goods/services, technology and = finance
This integration of global economies has impacted national cultures, spread ideas, speeded up industrialisation in developing nations and led to de-industrialisation in developed nations
Globalisation has been increasing for thousands of years - it is not a new phenomenon
Improvements in technology and the speed of global connections have exponentially increased the level of interdependence between nations in the past 50 years
Consumers now source products globally recognising global brands wherever they travel
The Four Main Characteristics of Globalisation
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Globalisation has several impacts on domestic businesses that increasingly need to compete with global brands
Diagram: the impacts of globalisation
Domestic businesses face increased competition as a result of globalisation
This incentivises them to improve efficiency in order to remain competitive against global brands
Some domestic businesses may drastically cut staffing or require higher levels of productivity from workers
The transfer of skills between global and domestic businesses can be mutually beneficial
Domestic workers can gain skills and knowledge from an international competitor
Global businesses will gain local knowledge, market insight and experience from domestic workers
Domestic businesses can compete by developing or emphasising a persuasive unique selling point (perhaps the fact they are local)
Both domestic and global businesses can benefit from close collaboration through joint ventures or strategic alliances
Reasons for the Growth of Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
A multinational company (MNC) is a business that is registered in one country but has manufacturing operations/outlets in different countries
E.g. Starbucks headquarters are in Washington, USA but they have 32,000 stores in 80 countries
Factors such as globalisation and deregulation have contributed to the growth of MNC’s
Globalisation has made it easier for firms to do business on a global scale and the number and size of MNCs continues to increase
Deregulation through trade liberalisation and the harmonisation of financial and technical standards has made it easier for businesses to operate in diverse locations
Reasons why businesses want to become multinationals
There are numerous reasons why businesses aim to grow to become multinationals
Diagram: reasons to become a multinational
Economies of scale
As they operate globally, they are able to increase their output & benefit from lowered costs created by economies of scale
Increased profit
Much of their profit is sent back to their home country. This point is debatable as many MNCs have offshore bank accounts and do not bring the profit back home
Create employment
New jobs are created in host countries each time a new facility is setup & this raises income which helps to improve the standard of living in that country
New markets
MNCs can identify potential markets & begin to sell there
Transportation
MNCs are able to setup facilities closer to their customers which reduces transportation costs
Risk management
By selling in many national markets, the risk of failure is reduced
If Egypt goes through a recession (with sales falling there), then this could be less impactful due to rising sales in a strong German market
Tax incentives
MNCs are able to increase their profits by setting up in countries with low corporation tax rates, or countries that offer MNCs a tax break (no tax) for their first 5-10 years of operation
Cost advantages often related to labour
Many businesses choose to locate production facilities in countries where labour costs are low
Nike originates from the USA but 50% of their manufacturing takes place in China, Vietnam and Indonesia due to the lower production costs in these countries
Avoidance of barriers to trade
MNCs can establish bases in countries that are operating protectionist measures and by doing so, they avoid the measures
e.g. A Chinese MNC may setup in the USA & produce there, thus avoiding import tariffs on their products exported from China to the USA
The Impact of MNCs on the Host Countries
Many governments are in favour of MNCs establishing in their country as there are benefits to the wider economy
Diagram: the impacts of an MNC on the host country
MNCs offer both advantages and disadvantages for a host country with regard to:
Employment, wages and working conditions
The impact on local businesses
The impact on the local community and environment
The impact on the national economy
Evaluation of the Impacts of MNCs on the Host Country
Advantages | Disadvantages |
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