Which option correctly completes the sentence below?
In gel electrophoresis, DNA moves towards the _________.
Cathode
Negatively charged electrode
Anode
Tiny pores in the gel
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Syllabus Edition
First teaching 2014
Last exams 2024
Which option correctly completes the sentence below?
In gel electrophoresis, DNA moves towards the _________.
Cathode
Negatively charged electrode
Anode
Tiny pores in the gel
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Which of the following processes takes place in a thermal cycler?
Genetic modification
Polymerase chain reaction
Gel electrophoresis
Genetic fingerprinting
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With reference to the DNA profile shown, which two individuals are the parents of child X?
1 and 3
1 and 2
2 and 3
Individual 1 (only one parent is shown)
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Which row correctly labels letters X, Y and Z in the diagram of genetic modification shown?
 | X | Y | Z |
A | Transgenic organism | Vector | Recombinant DNA |
B | Recombinant DNA | Transgenic organism | Vector |
C | Recombinant DNA | Vector | Transgenic organism |
D | Required gene sequence | Recombinant DNA | Transgenic organism |
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Which of the following gives an example of artificial cloning?
Production of runners
Somatic cell transfer
Monozygotic twins
Parthenogenesis
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Which of the following statements explains the separation of molecules in electrophoresis?
DNA molecules from eukaryotes are broken up into smaller fragments.
Negatively charged proteins travel towards the anode.
Positively charged DNA molecules travel towards the cathode.
The larger the molecule, the further it travels through the gel.
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What is the correct order of events for the stages of PCR shown in the diagram?
 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
A | Annealing | Elongation | Denaturation |
B | Denaturation  | Annealing | Elongation |
C | Denaturation | Elongation | Annealing |
D | Elongation | Annealing | Denaturation |
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If one molecule of DNA goes through 5 PCR cycles in the thermocycler, how many copies of that molecule of DNA will be produced?
16
6
32
64
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What key feature of the genetic code makes it possible to transfer genes between species?
It has 2 strands.
It is universal.
The code is degenerate.
It can be amplified using PCR.
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Which enzyme is required by geneticists to produce sections of DNA from single-stranded RNA for the production of genetically modified organisms?
Ligase
Restriction endonuclease
Taq polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
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Which statement can not be concluded from the DNA profile shown?
Parent 1 and parent 2 are profiles of unrelated individuals.
Children 3 and 5 are non-identical twins.
Child 4 is related to parent 1 but not parent 2.
Child 6 is unrelated to any of the other individuals.
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Cloning can be carried out at the embryo stage. Which statements are true about the cells in the embryo during the embryo splitting process?Â
I, II and III are correct.
I and IV are correct.
II and III are correct.
I and III are correct.
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Why might scientists need to consider the risks associated with GM crops?
Crops could become herbicide resistant.
GM crops that are grown may contain unpleasant-tasting toxins.
Pathogenic bacteria may increase their resistance to antibiotics.
Some wild species may be wiped out.
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A possible research question on plant cloning could be:Â
‘Does the position on the stem at which a cutting is taken affect its ability to form roots?’Â
Which variables would allow a valid investigation into this question?
 | Independent variable | Dependent variable | A control variable |
A | The mass of roots formed | Whether the cutting is taken from above or below the node | Use the same species of plant in each repeat |
B | Whether the cutting is taken from above or below the node | The mass of leaves formed | Provide the same volume of water for each plant |
C | Different lengths of the cutting | The mass of roots formed | Provide the same volume of water for each plant |
D | Whether the cutting is taken from above or below the node | The mass of roots formed | Use the same species of plant in each repeat |
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A technique was developed to genetically modify a species of maize to be more resistant to drought by reducing the rate of water loss through transpiration.Â
A comparison was made between the new GM maize and the original maize in order to establish how effective the modification process had been in reducing the rate of transpiration.
What can you conclude from these results?
The average total water loss for the GM maize after 80 minutes is 8 cm3 lower than for the original maize.
Crop plants should be genetically modified in order to improve drought resistance.
Genetic modification made a significant difference to the transpiration rate in the species of maize.
GM maize will survive better in dry conditions than original maize.
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Some scientists were investigating the allele frequencies in a population of flies for a gene responsible for insecticide resistance.
They obtained DNA samples from a representative group in the population and then carried out PCR to amplify the DNA.
Scientists used the same restriction endonuclease on each sample before undertaking PCR, explain why.
To separate the DNA template strands
To isolate the required gene sequence
To produce smaller DNA fragments
To allow RNA polymerase to bind to the promotor region
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DNA samples were taken from five individuals and analysed using gel electrophoresis to produce a DNA profile. The DNA profile shows the results for a single gene.
What conclusions can be made from the profile shown in the image?
There are equal frequencies of two alleles
There are 3 different alleles for the gene
There are two alleles and the frequency of one allele is about 75%.
There are three homozygous individuals in the population
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In 1989 a company called AquaBounty Technologies genetically engineered (GE) Atlantic salmon to contain a growth hormone-regulating gene which had been extracted from another species of salmon (the Pacific Chinook salmon).Â
The modification resulted in an increased rate of growth without impacting any other health qualities. Fully grown GE salmon were the same size as the unmodified salmon, however, it took less time for them to reach full size.
Identify which of the following options would not be considered a risk for GE salmon.
There may be changes to the biodiversity of the natural environment
Presence of the new gene may influence the expression of other genes in the genome
There may be a lot of negative publicity surrounding the integration of GE salmon into the human food chain
GE fish may outcompete natural fish stocks
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Which row correctly describes the different cloning mechanisms?
A | Monozygotic twins are formed from two eggs and two sperm | Embryo twinning is a form of asexual reproduction | Parthenogenesis is advantageous to lizards looking to invade a new territory | Poplar trees grow suckers that allow vegetative propagation |
B | Monozygotic twins are formed from an embryo which splits into two | Rhizomes are natural clones used in cookery | Pluripotent embryonic cells can be used to overcome the likelihood of rejection | Parthenogenesis is advantageous to lizards looking to invade a new territory |
C | Totipotent embryonic cells can be used to clone organisms for organ harvesting | Parthenogenesis is advantageous to lizards looking to invade a new territory | Poplar trees grow suckers that allow vegetative propagation | Dizygotic twins are formed when an embryo splits into two |
D | Embryo twinning is a form of asexual reproduction | Poplar trees grow suckers that allow vegetative propagation | Rhizomes are natural clones used in cookery | An enucleated egg cell is required in all artificial cloning processes |
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Some scientists wanted to show the quantity of mRNA that was transcribed from a specific allele of a gene in a sample of cells. The statements explain some of the procedures that the scientists followed to show the presence of the mRNA quantitatively.
Which option gives the correct order for the method followed by the scientists?
I → II → IV → IIIÂ
II → III → I → IV
I → III → II → IV
III → II → I → IV
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