Carbohydrates & Lipids (SL IB Biology)

It exists in hard and stable forms like graphite and diamond.

It forms a varying number of covalent bonds to other atoms.

It can form millions of different compounds in association with hydrogen and oxygen.

It forms strong, ionic bonds with other atoms.

Many condensation reactions, in the breakdown of amylose and amylopectin, release stored energy.

Many hydrolysis reactions, in the formation of amylose and amylopectin, allow the release of stored energy to fuel cellular processes.

Amylose has a branched structure and amylopectin is coiled to give a compact structure for transport around the plant through the phloem.

The amylose-amylopectin complex is insoluble, so it does not affect the osmolarity of the cell.

Glycogen 

Cellulose 

Amylopectin 

Amylose

Glycosidic bonds form during hydrolysis reactions, joining monosaccharides together to form disaccharides and polysaccharides.

A triglyceride is an example of a polymer as it is formed from many smaller, repeating subunits joined together by covalent bonds. 

A triglyceride is not an example of a polymer although it is formed from smaller subunits joined together. 

Glycosidic bonds join disaccharides together to form monosaccharides and polysaccharides.

Condensation of glucose and fructose, using water.

Condensation of glucose and galactose, using water.

Condensation of glucose and fructose, releasing water.

Condensation of glucose and galactose, releasing water.

Protection for soft internal organs.

Buoyancy aid. 

Improving intestinal absorption of nutrients. 

Regulators of gene expression. 

C₁₈H₃₄O₂

C₁₈H₃₂O₁₆

C₁₈H₃₂O₂

C₃H₈O₃

There are no enzymes present in the human digestive system capable of cellulose digestion.

Cellulose is not a required nutrient of the human body.

Cellulose provides bulk for effective peristalsis which forces the food through the alimentary canal.

It takes too long for the glucose monomers in cellulose to be hydrolysed, so cellulose is egested before it can be digested.

trans monounsaturated fatty acids led to the most significant change in the HDL levels, leading to a decreased risk of developing CHD

All the fatty acids led to an increase in the HDL levels in the bloodstream, which would lead to a decrease in the risk of developing CHD

cis monounsaturated fatty acids caused the greatest decrease in LDL levels and would result in a lowered risk of developing CHD

cis monounsaturated fatty acids led to a smaller decrease in LDL levels than cis polyunsaturated fatty acids which would lead to a greater decrease in the risk of developing CHD

An ester bond forms between the -COOH group of three fatty acids and an -OH group on one glycerol molecule, along with the release of three molecules of water

An ester bond forms between the -COOH group of three fatty acids and a -CH group on one glycerol molecule, along with the release of three molecules of water

An ester bond forms between the -COOH group of three fatty acids and an -OH group on one glycerol molecule, along with the absorption of three molecules of water

An ester bond forms between the -COOH group of three fatty acids and a -CH group on one glycerol molecule, along with the absorption of three molecules of water

The conclusion of the scientist may not be valid as they would have to repeat the investigation over a longer period of time, using animal test subjects

The conclusion of the scientists may not be valid as they should have monitored a larger number of women between the ages of 20 and 35

The conclusion of the scientists may not be valid as they should have taken into consideration the medical history of the women

The conclusion of the scientists may not be valid as they should have repeated their investigation with women over the age of 75