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First teaching 2023

First exams 2025

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Nerve Impulses (SL IB Biology)

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Generating the Resting Potential

  • Neurones transmit information in the form of impulses, which travel extremely quickly along the neurone from one end to the other
    • Note that an impulse is not an electrical current that flows along neurones as if they were wires
    • Instead, an impulse is a momentary reversal in the electrical potential difference across the neurone cell surface membrane
      • The electrical potential difference across a membrane can also be described as the voltage across a membrane, the difference in charge across a membrane, or the membrane potential
  • In an axon that is not transmitting an impulse the inside of the axon always has a negative electrical potential, or charge, compared to outside the axon, which has a positive electrical potential
    • This membrane potential in a resting neurone is known as resting potential
  • The resting potential is usually about -70 millivolts (mV)
    • This means that the inside of the resting axon has a more negative electrical charge than the outside by about 70 mV
  • Two main processes contribute to establishing and maintaining resting potential:
    • The active transport of sodium ions and potassium ions
    • A difference in rates of diffusion of sodium ions and potassium ions
  • In addition to these two main processes, negatively charged proteins inside the axon also contribute to the negative resting potential

The active transport of sodium ions and potassium ions

  • Carrier proteins called sodium-potassium pumps are present in the cell surface membranes of neurones
  • These pumps use ATP to actively transport sodium ions (Na⁺) out of the axon and potassium ions (K⁺) into the axon
  • The two types of ion are pumped at an unequal rate; for every 3 sodium ions that are pumped out of the axon, only 2 potassium ions are pumped in
  • This creates a concentration gradient across the membrane for both sodium ions and potassium ions

Difference in rates of diffusion of sodium ions and potassium ions

    • Because of the concentration gradient generated by the sodium-potassium pumps, both sodium and potassium ions will diffuse back across the membrane
      • The neurone cell surface membrane has sodium ion channels and potassium ion channels that allow sodium and potassium ions to move across the membrane by facilitated diffusion
    • The neurone membrane is much less permeable to sodium ions than potassium ions, so potassium ions inside the neurone can diffuse out at a faster rate than sodium ions can diffuse back in
    • This results in far more positive ions on the outside of the neurone than on the inside, generating a negative charge inside the neurone in relation to the outside
    • The result of this is that the neurone has a resting membrane potential of around -70 millivolts (mV)

Resting Potential Diagram

The resting potential of an axon (1)_1, downloadable AS & A Level Biology revision notesThe resting potential of an axon (2)_1, downloadable AS & A Level Biology revision notes

Sodium-potassium pumps in the membrane of a resting neurone generate a concentration gradient for both sodium ions and potassium ions. This process, together with the facilitated diffusion of potassium ions back out of the cell at a faster rate than sodium ions diffuse back into the cell, generates a negative resting potential across the membrane. 

Nerve Impulses

  • Once resting potential is reached, the neurone membrane is said to be polarised
  • To initiate a nerve impulse in a neurone, the neurone membrane needs to be depolarised
    • Depolarisation is the reversal of the electrical potential difference across the membrane
  • The depolarisation of the membrane occurs when an action potential is generated
    • Action potentials lead to the reversal of resting potential from around -70 mV to around +40 mV 
  • Action potentials involve the rapid movement of sodium ions and potassium ions across the membrane of the axon
  • An action potential is the potential electrical difference produced across the axon membrane when a neurone is stimulated e.g. when an environmental stimulus is detected by a receptor cell

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Ruth

Author: Ruth

Expertise: Biology

Ruth graduated from Sheffield University with a degree in Biology and went on to teach Science in London whilst also completing an MA in innovation in Education. She gained 10 years of teaching experience across the 3 key science disciplines and physical education. Ruth decided to set up a tutoring business to support students in her local area. Ruth has worked with several exam boards and loves to use her experience to produce educational materials which make the mark schemes accessible to all students.