The Rate of Cell Respiration
Variables affecting the rate of cell respiration
- The rate of cell respiration may vary depending on the following:
- How metabolically active the cell is
- e.g. muscle cells will have a higher rate of cell respiration than adipose cells because of their higher energy needs
- Size of the organism
- e.g. smaller organisms will have a higher surface area : volume ratio than larger organisms, so they will have a higher rate of respiration to compensate for higher heat loss
- The oxygen supply
- When oxygen availability is low, cells will respire anaerobically
- Supply of respiratory substrates
- e.g. glucose availability is of particular importance, since it is the main respiratory substrate
- The lower the supply of these substrates, the lower the rate of respiration will be
- Temperature
- The rate of respiration will increase up to the optimum temperature of the enzymes catalysing the reactions, whereafter the rate will drop as the enzymes denature
- pH
- Carbon dioxide released during respiration will decrease the pH of cells and tissues, which may also denature enzymes involved with respiration
- How metabolically active the cell is
Determining the rate of respiration
- Respirometers are used to measure and investigate the rate of oxygen consumption during respiration in organisms
- The experiments usually require live organisms such as seeds or invertebrates
- Use of animals should be minimised when seeds can provide excellent data
- There are many different designs of respirometers, though they all have certain features in common
- A sealed container containing live organisms and air
- An alkaline solution (e.g. potassium hydroxide) to absorb CO2
- A capillary tube connected to the container and set against a graduated scale (a manometer)
- The organisms respire aerobically and absorb oxygen from the air
- The CO2 they release is absorbed by the alkali
- This reduces the air pressure inside the sealed chamber
- The manometer fluid (shown in red below) moves towards the organisms because of the pressure drop inside the chamber
- The respirometer must be kept in very temperature-controlled conditions because slight fluctuations in temperature can affect the air pressure
- A thermostatically controlled water bath is the best way to maintain a constant temperature
- Repeat readings should be carried out for each set of experimental conditions, in order to identify and eliminate anomalies
- Repeat readings give a reliable mean
Analysis
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- Respirometers can be used in experiments to investigate how different factors affect the rate of respiration of organisms over time
- E.g. temperature – using a series of water baths
- Respirometers can be used in experiments to investigate how different factors affect the rate of respiration of organisms over time
Use of technology to measure rate of respiration
- Technological devices can automate and make the measurement of respiration rate easier
- Not to be confused with breathing rate
- Oxygen sensors and CO2 monitors can measure oxygen and CO2 concentration in real-time
- Without the need to expose the subject to hazards such as strong alkalis
- Dataloggers can record data over a period of time for analysis later
Respirometer Diagram
The typical set-up of a respirometer
The equation for calculating a change in gas volume
- The volume of oxygen consumed (mm3 min-1) during respiration can be worked out using the radius of the lumen of the capillary tube r (mm) and the distance moved by the manometer fluid h (mm) in a minute using the formula:
πr2h
- The volume of oxygen consumed can then be used to determine the average rate of respiration per unit time
Worked example
A respirometer was set up with germinating mung beans in the experimental tube. After a period of equilibration, the liquid in the capillary was measured to move by 2.3 cm in 25 minutes. The capillary tube had an internal diameter of 0.30 mm. Calculate the average rate of respiration of the mung beans, measured as the rate oxygen uptake, in mm3 min-1Use the value of pi (π) = 3.141.
Answer:
Step 1: Calculate the cross-sectional area of the capillary tube
Diameter = 0.30mm, so radius = 0.30 ÷ 2 = 0.15 mm
Cross sectional area = πr2 = 3.141 ✕ 0.152 = 0.0707 mm2
Step 2: Calculate the volume of oxygen that had been taken up
The liquid moved 2.3 cm, which is 23mm
Volume of liquid moved in 25 minutes =
πr2h , where h = 23 mm
= 0.0707 ✕ 23 = 1.625 mm3
Step 3: Calculate the average rate of oxygen consumption per minute
Rate per minute = 1.625 ÷ 25
= 0.065 mm3 min-1
Examiner Tip
There are several ways you can manage variables and increase the reliability of results in respirometer experiments:
- Use a controlled water bath to keep the temperature constant
- Have a control tube with an equal volume of inert material to the volume of the organisms to compensate for changes in atmospheric pressure
- Repeat the experiment multiple times for reliability and calculate a mean