Syllabus Edition

First teaching 2023

First exams 2025

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Ecological Niches (HL IB Biology)

Exam Questions

51 mins11 questions
1a
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5 marks

The graph below shows the growth of three bacterial species at different partial pressures of oxygen.

bacteria-growth-oxygen-graph-1

Describe the effect of changing oxygen concentration on the growth of the bacterial species.

1b
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3 marks

Identify the metabolic strategy utilised by each of the bacterial species in part (a), in terms of their requirement for oxygen.

1c
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2 marks

All of the bacteria species shown in part (a) can be found on spoiled meat products. One mechanism by which meat products can be preserved is the use of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). The MAP used to preserve red meat, such as beef, contains around 80 % O2 and 20 % CO2, while the MAP used to preserve chicken is about 20 % O2 and 80 % CO2.

Use the information provided to comment on the factors that need to be considered when designing MAP for different meat products.

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2a
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3 marks

Scientists studied the the dentition of several groups of hominids, including Australopithecus sediba, Homo habilis and Homo sapiens.

State what can be concluded about the classification of the three hominid species from their assigned taxa.

2b
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4 marks

Some of the dentition of the studied hominid species can be seen in the image below.

p7QjKb3I_hominid-dentition

[Source: adapted from John Hawks et al (2017) New fossil remains of Homo naledi from the Lesedi Chamber, South Africa eLife 6:e24232]

Compare and contrast the dentition of A. sediba (A), H. habilis (B) and H. sapiens (C).

2c
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2 marks

Explain how the diet of extinct hominids, such as A. sediba and H. habilis, can be deduced from theories about diet and dentition.

2d
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3 marks

A student looked at the image in (b) and concluded that the diets of modern humans (H. sapiens) and A. sediba were quite similar.

Evaluate the student's conclusion.

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3a
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7 marks

Adaptations enable living organisms to fill their ecological niche.

Explain a range of adaptations that aid animals in holozoic nutrition.

3b
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4 marks

Explain the difference between a fundamental and a realised niche.

3c
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4 marks

Outline the metabolic diversity present in the archaea.

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1a3 marks

Spirulina (Athrospira platensis) is a blue-green alga that is consumed for its nutritional benefits, which are considered to be good for oral health, eye health and maintaining healthy blood pressure, amongst other benefits.

The graph shows the results from an investigation into the optimum growing conditions for Spirulina. 

Spirulina was grown in a glucose medium and exposed to different intensities of light. The same method was carried out with an autotrophic species of alga.

yLl0Pszs_spirulina-growth-sq

Explain how the results show that Spirulina is a mixotrophic organism.

1b2 marks

Compare the growth rate of Spirulina and the autotrophic algal species when light intensity was increased from 0 to 200 lx.

1c2 marks

Suggest how Spirulina may be adapted to function as a mixotroph.

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