HL IB Biology
Exam Questions

Hydrogen Bonds, Physical & Chemical Properties of Water, Origin of Water on Earth (HL)

DNA & RNA Structure, Basis of Genetic Code, Nucleic Acid Structure & Function, DNA Structure (HL), Nucleosomes & Molecular Visualisation Software: Skills (HL), The Hershey & Chase Experiment (HL), Chargaff's Data (HL)

Formation of Carbon Compounds (HL), Evolution of Cells (HL), Evidence for Evolution of Life (HL)

Cell Theory, Cell Theory: Skills, Microscopes, General Cell Structure, Prokaryotic Cell Structure, Eukaryotic Cell Structure, Functions of Life, Eukaryotic Cell Structure: Comparisons & Atypical Examples, Cell Types & Structures: Skills, Drawing Cells: Skills, Endosymbiotic Theory (HL), Cell Differentiation (HL), Multicellularity (HL)

Biological Species Concept, Chromosome Number, Karyograms: Skills, Genomes, Comparing Genome Sizes: Skills, Uses of Genome Sequencing, Biological Species Concept: Challenges (HL), Chromosome Number: Cross-Breeding (HL), Dichotomous Keys: Skills (HL), Environmental DNA & Barcodes (HL)

Biological Classification (HL), Cladistics (HL), Reclassification (HL), Classification System (HL)

Evolution, Evidence of Evolution, Convergent Evolution, Speciation, Types of Speciation (HL), Adaptive Radiation (HL), Speciation in Plants (HL)

Biodiversity, Reasons for Extinction, Ecosystem Loss, Loss of Biodiversity, How to Preserve Biodiversity

Properties of Carbon, Macromolecules, Carbohydrates: Definition, Functions & Examples, Role of Glycoproteins, Lipids, Fatty Acids, Phospholipids

Formation of Proteins, The Variety of Proteins, Protein Structure: Effect of pH & Temperature, Amino Acid Diversity (HL), Levels of Protein Structure (HL), Globular & Fibrous Proteins (HL)

Lipid Bilayers, Membrane Proteins, Membrane Transport, Glycolipids & Glycoproteins, The Fluid Mosaic Model: Skills, Membrane Fluidity (HL), Active Transport & Bulk Transport (HL), Cell Adhesion (HL)

Cell Organelles, Cell Compartmentalisation, Adaptations of Mitochondria & Chloroplasts (HL), Organelles in Protein Synthesis (HL), Vesicle Formation (HL)

Stem Cells, Cell Specialisation, Specialised Cells (HL), Examples of Specialised Cells (HL)

Gas Exchange in Organisms, Mammalian Lungs: Adaptations, Mechanism of Ventilation, Measuring Lung Volumes: Skills, Gas Exchange in Plants, Drawing Leaf Structure: Skills, Determining Stomatal Density: Skills, Haemoglobin & Oxygen (HL), The Bohr Shift (HL), The Oxygen Dissociation Curve (HL)

Blood Vessels , Identify Blood Vessels: Skills , Measuring Pulse Rate: Skills , Coronary Heart Disease: Skills , The Transpiration Stream , Adaptations of Xylem Vessels , Drawing Root & Stem Structure: Skills , Tissue Fluid (HL), Circulatory Systems (HL), The Mammalian Heart (HL), The Cardiac Cycle: Skills (HL), The Roots & Water Transport (HL), Translocation in Plants (HL)

Adaptations for Movement (HL), Mechanism of Muscle Contraction (HL), Skeletal Muscle (HL), Requirements for Movement (HL), Movement of Joints: Skills (HL), Locomotion in Organisms (HL)

Habitats, Abiotic Factors & Species Distribution, Species Distribution: Skills, Abiotic Factors: Marine & Terrestrial, Biomes

Ecological Niches, Methods of Nutrition, Nutrition in Hominidae: Skills, Nutrition: Adaptations of Organisms, Competition Between Species

Metabolism: Enzymes & Reactions, Enzyme Action, Enzyme Activity: Skills, Enzyme Reaction Rates: Skills, Activation Energy: Skills, Metabolic Pathways (HL), Enzyme Inhibition (HL)

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), Cell Respiration, Cell Respiration: Skills, Oxidation & Reduction (HL), Glycolysis (HL), Anaerobic Respiration (HL), The Link Reaction & The Krebs Cycle (HL), Oxidative Phosphorylation (HL), Respiratory Substrates (HL)

The Process of Photosynthesis, Separating Photosynthetic Pigments: Skills, Absorption Spectra, Absorption & Action Spectra: Skills, Limiting Factors of Photosynthesis: Skills, Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Experiments, Photosystems (HL), Light Dependent Reactions (HL), Photophosphorylation (HL), Light Independent Reactions (HL), Interdependence of Photosynthetic Reactions (HL)

Cell Signalling (HL), Signalling Molecules (HL), Receiving the Signal (HL), Transmembrane Receptors (HL), Epinephrine Receptors (HL), Intracellular Receptors (HL), Regulating Cell Signalling (HL)

Neurones: Function & Structure, Nerve Impulses, Nerve Impulses: Skills, Synapses, Action Potentials (HL), Interpreting Oscilloscope Traces: Skills (HL), Nerve Conduction Velocity (HL), Synaptic Transmission (HL), Neurones in the Brain (HL)

Integration in Living Organisms, The Nervous System, Reflex Arc & Movement Control, Epinephrine & Melatonin, Control Mechanisms, Observing Tropic Responses: Skills (HL), Phototropism (HL), Plant Hormones (HL), Regulating Plant Growth & Fruit Ripening (HL)

Pathogens, Barriers to Pathogens: Skin & Mucous Membranes, Blood Clotting, The Immune System, White Blood Cells, Adaptive Immune Response, HIV & AIDS, Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistance, Zoonoses, Vaccines & Immunity, Evaluating COVID-19 Data: Skills

Populations in Ecosystems, Estimating Population Size, Limiting Population Size, Limiting Population Size: Examples, Population Growth Curves: Skills, Populations: Intraspecific Relationships , Community: Interspecific Relationships, Interspecific Competition, Chi-Squared Test: Skills

Ecosystems as Open Systems, Energy Flow in Ecosystems , Obtaining Carbon Compounds in Ecosystems , Trophic Levels , Pyramids of Energy: Skills , Energy Losses , Primary & Secondary Production , The Carbon Cycle, Nutrient Cycling

DNA Replication, Electrophoresis & PCR, Electrophoresis & PCR: Applications, Mechanism of DNA Replication (HL)

Transcription in Protein Synthesis, Translation in Protein Synthesis, The Genetic Code, Protein Structure & Mutations, Mechanism of Transcription (HL), Post-Transcriptional Modification (HL), Translation & the Proteome (HL)

Gene Mutations, Consequences of Gene Mutations, Mutations & Genetic Variation, Gene Editing (HL), Conserved Sequences (HL)

Cell Division, Nuclear Division, Mitosis, Mitosis: Skills, Meiosis, Cell Cycle (HL), Uncontrolled Cell Division & Tumour Formation (HL), Mitotic Index: Skills (HL)

Gene Expression (HL), Regulating Transcription & Translation (HL), Environment & Gene Expression (HL), Environment & Gene Expression: Examples (HL)

Osmosis, Osmosis in Cells, Osmosis: Skills, Water Potential (HL), Water Movement in Plant Tissue (HL)

Sexual & Asexual Reproduction, Sexual Reproduction, The Menstrual Cycle, Fertilisation, Plant Reproduction, Pollination, Seed Dispersal & Germination, Hormones & Puberty (HL), Gametogenesis (HL), Fertilisation & Implantation (HL), Hormones in Pregnancy (HL), The Placenta (HL), Hormone Replacement Therapy (HL)

Genetic Inheritance & Genetic Crossing, Inheritance: Terminology, Inheriting Alleles, Sex Determination, Pedigree Charts, Continuous Variation: Skills, Dihybrid Crosses & Unlinked Genes (HL), Statistical Analysis of Dihybrid Crosses (HL), Genes & Polypeptides: Skills (HL), Gene Linkage (HL), Identifying Recombinants (HL)

Homeostasis: Maintaining the Internal Environment , Regulation of Blood Glucose , Thermoregulation , Osmoregulation & Excretion (HL), Production of Urine (HL), Changes in Blood Supply to Organs (HL)

Natural Selection & Evolution, Selection Pressures, Selection Pressures: Skills, Gene Pools (HL), Allele Frequencies: Skills (HL), Types of Natural Selection (HL), Hardy-Weinberg Principle (HL), Artificial Selection (HL)

Stability in Ecosystems, Ecosystem Stability: Skills , Keystone Species , Sustainability in Ecosystems & Agriculture, Eutrophication, The Effects of Pollution , Restoring Ecosystems , Ecological Succession (HL), Human Influence on Succession (HL)

Causes of Climate Change , Impact of Climate Change , Carbon Sequestration , Climate Change: Phenology (HL), Climate Change: Evolution (HL)

Safety, Ethical & Environmental Issues in Biology, Measuring Variables in Biology, Applying Techniques in Biology

Applying Technology to Collect Data in Biology, Applying Technology to Process Data in Biology

Applying General Mathematics in Biology, Using Units, Symbols & Numerical Values in Biology, Processing Uncertainties in Biology, Graphing in Biology