Hormones in Pregnancy (HL) (HL IB Biology)

• Shortly after the developing embryo implants into the endometrium it begins secretion of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
• hCG is secreted during the first 8-10 weeks of pregnancy
• The role of this hormone is to:
  • Stimulate the corpus luteum in the ovary to maintain secretion of oestrogen and progesterone (in order to continue the development of the endometrium)
  • Stimulate the growth of the placenta and uterine enlargement
  • Inhibit menstruation
• During the second trimester (after 12 weeks) hCG declines and the placenta takes over the role of stimulating the secretion of oestrogen and progesterone
• Pregnancy tests detect the presence of hCG in the mother's urine and can be used to confirm a positive pregnancy

Hormone changes during pregnancy graph

hCG increases during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy to stimulate the release of oestrogen and progesterone; after 12 weeks hCG declines as the placenta takes over

Pregnancy tests

• The confirmation of a pregnancy during the early stages can be through the presence of hCG
• This is detected in the the mother's blood and urine 
• A pregnancy test kit makes use of a specific type of antibody called a monoclonal antibody (mAb) which is used to detect the presence of hCG
  • Monoclonal antibody is a single antibody that can be used outside of the body and will react to a specific antigen, in this hCG
  • When using a pregnancy test the mother will urinate onto the test strip, the urine will contain higher levels of hCG if the mother is pregnant
  • The urine, containing the hCG will travel along the test strip of the pregnancy test; the test strip contains the monoclonal antibodies which bind to the hCG (if present) and lead to a colour change within the pregnancy test which can be seen and inform the mother that she is pregnant
  • If there is no colour change it means that hCG is not present (in high enough concentrations) to bind to the monoclonal antibodies and give the colour change

Pregnancy test diagram

Monoclonal antibodies are used to detect the presence of the hormone hCG in the urine of pregnant women

The role of progesterone

• The hormone progesterone is secreted by the placenta throughout pregnancy
• Progesterone inhibits the production of another hormone, oxytocin, by the pituitary gland
• Progesterone inhibits contractions of the muscles of the uterus wall (the myometrium), which could induce birth if not inhibited
• At the end of pregnancy, the foetus produces the hormone oestrogen, which signals to the placenta to stop producing progesterone, thereby initiating the production of oxytocin by the pituitary gland and the start of labour (and the start of the muscular contractions that eventually lead to the birth of the baby)

The role of oestrogen

• At the end of pregnancy, the hormone oestrogen is produced by the foetus and the placenta
• Oestrogen makes the uterine wall more sensitive to oxytocin
• Progesterone is also inhibited by oestrogen

Labour

• Oxytocin now stimulates contractions of the muscles in the myometrium
  • Oxytocin is released by the pituitary gland in the brain
• Stretch receptors in the cervix detect the contractions and signal the pituitary gland to increase oxytocin secretion
• More oxytocin creates further contractions, which in turn signal for further release of oxytocin in this positive feedback loop
• This process increases the contractions slowly and rhythmically

Positive feedback loop diagram

The positive feedback loop stimulates the release of oxytocin and causes the contraction of the uterus wall

Birth

• Relaxation of the cervix muscles causes the cervix to dilate and widen
• Uterine contractions continue and cause the amniotic sac to burst, releasing the amniotic fluid through the open cervix
• The baby is pushed out through the cervix and vagina as contractions continue
• As the umbilical cord is cut, the baby is physiologically separated from the mother

Afterbirth

• After the baby has been delivered, uterine contractions continue and the placenta will separate from the uterine wall
• The mother will then birth the placenta and remains of the umbilical cord

Stages of birth diagram

The stages of birth, which are initiated by the hormone oxytocin