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Alpha-particle Scattering Experiment (CIE AS Physics)

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Alpha-particle scattering experiment

  • Evidence for the structure of the atom was discovered by Ernest Rutherford in the beginning of the 20th century from the study of α-particle scattering
  • The experimental setup consists of alpha particles fired at thin gold foil and a detector on the other side to detect how many particles deflected at different angles

Alpha particle scattering experiment

Alpha particle experiment diagram, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

α-particles are fired at a thin gold foil and a detector records the deflection of the particles

  • α-particles are the nucleus of a helium atom and are positively charged

Deflection patterns of the alpha particles

Alpha particle scattering, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

When α-particles are fired at thin gold foil, most of them go straight through but a small number bounce straight back

  • From this experiment, Rutherford results were:
  • The majority of α-particles went straight through 
    • This is shown by process A in the image above
    • This suggested the atom is mainly empty space
  • Some α-particles deflected through small angles of < 10o
    • This is shown by process B in the image above
    • This suggested there is a positive nucleus at the centre (since two positive charges would repel)

  • Only a small number of α-particles deflected straight back at angles of > 90o  
    • This is shown by process C in the image above
    • This suggested the nucleus is extremely small and this is where the mass and charge of the atom is concentrated
    • It was therefore concluded that atoms consist of small dense positively charged nuclei, surrounded by negatively charged electrons

Structure of an atom as determined by the alpha particle experiment

Atomic Structure, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

An atom: a small positive nucleus, surrounded by negative electrons

  • (Note: The atom is around 100,000 times larger than the nucleus!)

Worked example

In an α-particle scattering experiment, a student set up the apparatus below to determine the number n of α-particle incident per unit time on a detector held at various angles θ.WE - Rutherford scattering question image 1, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

Which of the following graphs best represents the variation of n with θ from 0 to 90°?WE - Rutherford scattering question image 2, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

Answer:   A

  • The Rutherford scattering experience directed parallel beams of α-particles at gold foil
  • The observations were:
    • Most of the α-particles went straight through the foil
    • The largest value of n will therefore be at small angles
    • Some of the α-particles were deflected through small angles
    • n drops quickly with increasing angle of deflection θ

  • These observations fit with graph A

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Leander

Author: Leander

Expertise: Physics

Leander graduated with First-class honours in Science and Education from Sheffield Hallam University. She won the prestigious Lord Robert Winston Solomon Lipson Prize in recognition of her dedication to science and teaching excellence. After teaching and tutoring both science and maths students, Leander now brings this passion for helping young people reach their potential to her work at SME.