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Electric Current: Calculations (CIE AS Physics)

Revision Note

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Katie M

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Calculating Electric Charge

  • Current can also be defined as the charge passing through a circuit per unit time
  • Electric charge is measured in units of coulombs (C)
  • Charge, current and time are related by the following equation

 

Charge equation, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

Charge equation

Worked example

When will 8 mA of current pass through an electrical circuit?

A.     When 1 J of energy is used by 1 C of charge

B.     When a charge of 4 C passes in 500 s

C.     When a charge of 8 C passes in 100 s

D.     When a charge of 1 C passes in 8 s

Answer: B

Step 1: Write out the equation relating current, charge and time

Q = It

Step 2: Rule out any obviously incorrect options

    • Option A does not contain charge or time, so can be ruled out

Step 3: Try the rest of the options to determine the correct answer

    • Consider option B:

I = 4 / 500 = 8 × 10–3 = 8 mA

    • Consider option C:

I = 8 / 100 = 80 × 10–3 = 80 mA

    • Consider option D:

I = 1 / 8 = 125 × 10–3 = 125 mA

    • Therefore, the correct answer is B

Examiner Tip

Although electric charge can be positive or negative, since the conventional direction of current is the flow of positive charge the current should always be a positive value for your exam answers.

Calculating Current in a Current Carrying Conductor

  • In a conductor, current is due to the movement of charge carriers
  • These charge carriers can be negative or positive, however the current is always taken to be in the same direction
  • In conductors, the charge carrier is usually free electrons
  • In the image below, the current in each conductor is from right to left but the charge carriers move in opposite directions shown by the direction of the drift speed v
    • In diagram A (positive charge carriers), the drift speed is in the same direction as the current
    • In diagram B (negative charge carriers), the drift speed is in the opposite direction to the current

Charge carriers diagram, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

Conduction in a current-carrying conductor

 
  • The drift speed is the average speed the charge carriers are travelling through the conductor. You will find this value is quite slow. However, since the number density of charge carriers is so large, we still see current flow happen instantaneously
  • The current can be expressed in terms of the number density (number of charge carriers per unit volume) n, the cross-sectional area A, the drift speed v and the charge of the charge carriers q

Current conductor equation, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

Current in a conductor equation

 
  • The same equation is used whether the charge carriers are positive or negative

Worked example

A copper wire has 9.2 × 1028 free electrons m-3. The wire has a current of 3.5 A and a cross-sectional area of 1.5 mm2. Calculate the average drift speed of the electrons in mms−1.

 

Answer:

In step 3 on your calculator you should obtain 1.585145...× 10−4 ms−1. This is then rounded to 1.6 × 10−4 ms−1 when written to 2 significant figures in standard form. The question asks for the answer in mms−1. 1 mm = 1 × 10−3 mm, so the answer is first converted into a power of ×10−3 to make it easier to see the value in mms−1.

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Katie M

Author: Katie M

Expertise: Physics

Katie has always been passionate about the sciences, and completed a degree in Astrophysics at Sheffield University. She decided that she wanted to inspire other young people, so moved to Bristol to complete a PGCE in Secondary Science. She particularly loves creating fun and absorbing materials to help students achieve their exam potential.