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Two Source Interference (CIE AS Physics)

Revision Note

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Katie M

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Demonstrating Two Source Interference

  • Interference of sound, light and microwaves can be demonstrated with slits or diffraction gratings

 

Using Water Waves

  • Two-source interference in can be demonstrated in water using ripple tanks
  • The diagram below shows diffracted circle shaped water waves from two point sources eg. dropping two pebbles near to each other in a pond

Water waves interference fringes, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

Water waves interference pattern from a ripple tank

 
  • The two waves interfere causing areas of constructive and destructive interference
  • The lines of maximum displacement occur when all the peaks and troughs line up with those on another wave

 

Using Sound Waves

  • Two source interference for sound waves looks very similar to water waves

Sound wave interference experiment, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

Sound wave interference from two speakers

 
  • Sound waves are longitudinal waves so are made up of compressions and rarefactions
  • Constructive interference occurs when two compressions or two rarefactions line up and the sound appears louder
  • Destructive interference occurs when a compression lines up with a rarefaction and vice versa. The sound is quieter
    • This is the technology used in noise-cancelling headphones

 

Using Microwaves

  • Two source interference for microwaves can be detected with a moveable microwave detector

Microwave interference experiment, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

Microwave interference experiment

 
  • Constructive interference: regions where the detector picks up a maximum amplitude
  • Destructive interference: regions where the detector picks up no signal

 

Using Light Waves

  • For light rays, such as a laser light through two slits, an interference pattern forms on the screen

Light interference experiment, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

Laser light interference experiment

 
  • Constructive interference is shown as bright fringes on the screen
    • The highest intensity is in the middle

  • Destructive interference is shown as the dark fringes on the screen
    • These have zero intensity

 

Two Source Interference Fringes

  • For two-source interference fringes to be observed, the sources of the wave must be:
    • Coherent (constant phase difference)
    • Monochromatic (single wavelength)

  • When two waves interfere, the resultant wave depends on the phase difference between the two waves
  • This is proportional to the path difference between the waves which can be written in terms of the wavelength λ of the wave
  • As seen from the diagram, the wave from slit S2 has to travel slightly further than that from S1 to reach the same point on the screen. The difference in distance is the path difference

Path difference equations, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

Path difference of constructive and destructive interference is determined by wavelength

 
  • For constructive interference (or maxima), the difference in wavelengths will be an integer number of whole wavelengths
  • For destructive interference (or minima) it will be an integer number of whole wavelengths plus a half wavelength
    • n is the order of the maxima/minima since there is usually more than one of these produced by the interference pattern

  • An example of the orders of maxima is shown below:

Max and min interference pattern, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

Interference pattern of light waves shown with orders of maxima

  •  n = 0 is taken from the middle, n = 1 is one either side and so on

Worked example

Two coherent sources of sound waves S1 and S2 are situated 65 cm apart in air as shown below.WE - Two source interference question image, downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notesThe two sources vibrate in phase but have different amplitudes of vibration. A microphone M is situated 150 cm from S1 along the line normal to S1 and S2. The microphone detects maxima and minima of the intensity of the sound. The wavelength of the sound from S1 to S2 is decreased by increasing the frequency.Determine which orders of maxima are detected at M as the wavelength is increased from 3.5 cm to 12.5 cm.

Worked example - two source interference (2), downloadable AS & A Level Physics revision notes

Examiner Tip

The path difference is more specifically how much longer, or shorter, one path is than the other. In other words, the difference in the distances. Make sure not to confuse this with the distance between the two paths.

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Katie M

Author: Katie M

Expertise: Physics

Katie has always been passionate about the sciences, and completed a degree in Astrophysics at Sheffield University. She decided that she wanted to inspire other young people, so moved to Bristol to complete a PGCE in Secondary Science. She particularly loves creating fun and absorbing materials to help students achieve their exam potential.