The de Broglie Wavelength

The de Broglie equation relates wavelength (a property of waves) to momentum (a property of matter)

In the electron diffraction experiment:
- Increasing the speed of electrons, and hence their momentum, causes the angle of diffraction to decrease (as seen by the decrease in the diameter of the diffraction rings)

This is in agreement with wave theory, where the angle of diffraction decreases as the wavelength decreases
- Therefore, the greater the momentum of the particle, the smaller the de Broglie wavelength

Using ideas based on quantum theory and Einstein’s theory of relativity, de Broglie suggested that the momentum (p) of a particle and its associated wavelength (λ) are related by the equation:

$λ = \frac{h}{p}$

Using momentum $p = m v$ , the de Broglie wavelength can be written in terms of the speed of a moving particle:

$λ = \frac{h}{m v}$

Using kinetic energy $E = \frac{1}{2} m v^{2}$ , momentum and kinetic energy can be related by:

Energy: $E = \frac{1}{2} m v^{2} = \frac{m v^{2}}{2} = \frac{p^{2}}{2 m}$

Momentum: $p = \sqrt{2 m E}$

Combining this with the de Broglie equation gives a form which relates the de Broglie wavelength of a particle to its kinetic energy:

$λ = \frac{h}{\sqrt{2 m E}}$

Where:
- λ = the de Broglie wavelength (m)
- h = Planck’s constant (J s)
- p = momentum of the particle (kg m s^-1)
- E = kinetic energy of the particle (J)
- m = mass of the particle (kg)
- v = speed of the particle (m s^-1)

Worked example

A proton and an electron are each accelerated from rest through the same potential difference.

Determine the ratio: $\frac{d e B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e p r o t o n}{d e B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e e l e c t r o n}$

Mass of a proton = 1.67 × 10^–27 kg
Mass of an electron = 9.11 × 10^–31 kg

Answer:

Step 1: Determine how the proton and electron can be related via their mass

The only information we are given is the mass of the proton and the electron
When the proton and electron are accelerated through a potential difference, their kinetic energy will increase
Therefore, we can use kinetic energy to relate them via their mass

Step 2: Write out the equation for the de Broglie wavelength in terms of the kinetic energy of the particle

The de Broglie wavelength

$λ = \frac{h}{m v} = \frac{h}{p}$

Kinetic energy

$E = \frac{1}{2} m v^{2} = \frac{m v^{2}}{2} = \frac{p^{2}}{2 m}$

Kinetic energy in terms of momentum

$p = \sqrt{2 m E}$

Substitute the expression for momentum into the de Broglie wavelength equation

$λ = \frac{h}{\sqrt{2 m E}}$

Step 3: Find the proportional relationship between the de Broglie wavelength and the mass of the particle

$λ = \frac{h}{\sqrt{2 m E}} = k \frac{1}{\sqrt{m}}$

Where k is a constant
- Since h is constant, and E is equal, then:

$λ \propto \frac{1}{\sqrt{m}}$

Step 4: Calculate the ratio

$\frac{λ_{p}}{λ_{e}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{m_{p}}} \div \frac{1}{\sqrt{m_{e}}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{m_{p}}} \times \frac{\sqrt{m_{e}}}{1} = \frac{\sqrt{m_{e}}}{\sqrt{m_{p}}}$

$\sqrt{\frac{m_{e}}{m_{p}}} = \sqrt{\frac{9.11 \times 10^{- 31}}{1.67 \times 10^{- 27}}} = 0.0234 (3 s . f .)$

This means that the de Broglie wavelength of the proton is 0.0234 times smaller than that of the electron
Or that the de Broglie wavelength of the electron is about 40 times larger than that of the proton

Examiner Tip

Particles with a greater mass, such as a proton, have a greater momentum. The greater the momentum, the smaller the de Broglie wavelength. Always perform a logic check on your answer to check that makes sense.

The de Broglie Wavelength (AQA AS Physics)

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1. Measurements & Their Errors

1.1 Use of SI Units & Their Prefixes

1.1.1 SI Units

1.1.2 Powers of Ten

1.1.3 Estimating Physical Quantities

1.2 Limitation of Physical Measurements

1.2.1 Sources of Uncertainty

1.2.2 Calculating Uncertainties

1.2.3 Determining Uncertainties from Graphs

2. Particles & Radiation

2.1 Atomic Structure & Decay Equations

2.1.1 Atomic Structure

2.1.2 Nucleon & Proton Number

2.1.3 Strong Nuclear Force

2.1.4 Alpha & Beta Decay

2.1.5 Particles, Antiparticles & Photons

2.2 Classification of Particles

2.2.1 Hadrons

2.2.2 Baryons

2.2.3 Mesons

2.2.4 Leptons

2.2.5 Quarks & Antiquarks

2.2.6 Strange Quarks

2.2.7 Collaborative Efforts in Particle Physics

2.3 Conservation Laws & Particle Interactions

2.3.1 The Four Fundamental Interactions

2.3.2 The Electromagnetic & Strong Force

2.3.3 The Weak Interaction

2.3.4 Feynman Diagrams

2.3.5 Application of Conservation Laws

2.4 The Photoelectric Effect

2.4.1 The Electronvolt

2.4.2 Threshold Frequency & Work Function

2.4.3 The Photoelectric Equation

2.5 Energy Levels & Photon Emission

2.5.1 Collisions of Electrons with Atoms

2.5.2 Energy Levels & Photon Emission

2.5.3 Wave-Particle Duality

2.5.4 The de Broglie Wavelength

2.5.5 Diffraction Effects of Momentum

2.5.6 Analysis of the Nature of Matter

3. Waves

3.1 Longitudinal & Transverse Waves

3.1.1 Progressive Waves

3.1.2 Longitudinal & Transverse Waves

3.1.3 Polarisation

3.2 Stationary Waves

3.2.1 Stationary Waves

3.2.2 Formation of Stationary Waves

3.2.3 Harmonics

3.2.4 Required Practical: Investigating Stationary Waves

3.3 Interference

3.3.1 Path Difference & Coherence

3.3.2 Demonstrating Interference

3.3.3 Young's Double-Slit Experiment

3.3.4 Developing Theories of EM Radiation

3.3.5 Required Practical: Young's Slit Experiment & Diffraction Gratings

3.4 Diffraction

3.4.1 Single Slit Diffraction

3.4.2 The Diffraction Grating

3.5 Refraction

3.5.1 Refraction at a Plane Surface

3.5.2 Snell's Law

3.5.3 Fibre Optics

4. Mechanics & Materials

4.1 Scalars & Vectors

4.1.1 Scalars & Vectors

4.1.2 Resolving Vectors

4.2 Moments

4.2.1 Moments

4.2.2 Couples

4.2.3 Centre of Mass

4.3 Equations of Motion

4.3.1 Motion Along a Straight Line

4.3.2 Motion Graphs