Greenhouse Gases (Cambridge (CIE) AS Environmental Management)
Revision Note
Written by: Alistair Marjot
Reviewed by: Bridgette Barrett
Greenhouse Gases
What Are Greenhouse Gases?
Greenhouse gases can be defined as gases in the atmosphere that absorb infrared radiation
Human activities are significantly contributing to the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to various impacts on the Earth's climate system:
Increased levels of carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour result from human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation and industrial processes
What Are the Sources of Greenhouse Gases?
Carbon dioxide:
Main sources include the combustion of fossil fuels for energy generation, transportation and industrial processes
Deforestation and land-use changes, such as clearing forests for agriculture or urbanisation, contribute to CO2 emissions indirectly by reducing the planet's capacity to absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis
Methane:
Produced by natural processes like the decomposition of organic matter in wetlands, forests and oceans
Human activities such as agriculture (particularly rice cultivation and livestock farming), coal mining, oil and gas extraction and waste management (landfills) contribute to methane emissions
Water vapour:
Water vapour is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and its concentration is primarily determined by temperature and humidity levels
While human activities do not directly emit water vapour as a greenhouse gas, they can indirectly influence its levels through activities that affect temperature and moisture, such as deforestation, land-use changes and the burning of fossil fuels that release other greenhouse gases
The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
The enhanced greenhouse effect is different from the natural greenhouse effect because it is primarily driven by human activities that release excessive amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, leading to an intensified trapping of heat and subsequent global warming:
While the natural greenhouse effect is a necessary process that helps regulate the Earth's temperature by trapping some heat to maintain a habitable climate, the enhanced greenhouse effect disrupts this balance as a result of greenhouse gas concentrations being artificially increased beyond natural levels
Effects of Greenhouse Gases
These greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, causing the Earth's temperature to rise, leading to global warming:
The increase in mean global temperature has wide-ranging effects, including melting ice caps and glaciers, shifts in precipitation patterns and changes in ecosystem dynamics
The higher concentration of greenhouse gases is contributing to the intensification of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, heatwaves and heavy rainfall
Long-term changes in climate and weather patterns occur as a result of the altered energy balance in the Earth's atmosphere and oceans
Rising greenhouse gas levels also contribute to the thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice, resulting in sea-level rise
The combination of increased global temperatures and rising sea levels poses significant risks to coastal communities, low-lying regions and ecosystems
It is essential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and implement strategies to adapt to the changing climate to minimise the potential impacts on the planet and human societies
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