Bonding & Structure (Cambridge (CIE) AS Chemistry)

Carbon and silicon are elements in Group 14.  

i) Describe in simple terms the structure of solid C₆₀.

[2]

ii) C₆₀ sublimes (turns directly from solid to gas) at approximately 800 K.

C₆₀ (s) → C₆₀ (g)

Diamond also sublimes but only above 3800 K.

C_diamond (s) → C (g)

Explain why C₆₀ and diamond sublime at such different temperatures.

[4]

C₆₀ forms hydrocarbons with similar chemical properties to those of alkenes. One such hydrocarbon is C₆₀H₁₈.

i) Define hydrocarbon.

[1]

ii) C₆₀H₁₈ is an alkene.
State a test to indicate the presence of double bonds between carbon atoms in alkene molecules.

[1]

iii) State the observations seen when the test in (b)(ii) is carried out on an alkene.  

[1]

0.144 g of C₆₀ is placed in a 100 cm³ container of hydrogen gas at a temperature of 20 °C and a pressure of 1.00 × 10⁵ Pa.

The container is heated to make the C₆₀ and hydrogen gas react. The reaction occurs as shown in the equation.

C₆₀(s) + xH₂(g) → C₆₀H_2x(s)

After the reaction, the container is allowed to cool to 20 °C. The pressure decreases to 2.21 × 10⁴ Pa. All of the C₆₀ has reacted.

i) Name the type of reaction that occurs.

[1]

ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of C₆₀ that reacts.

amount of C₆₀ = .................................................... mol [1]

iii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of hydrogen gas that reacted with the C₆₀. Show your working.

amount of hydrogen gas = .................................................... mol [3]

iv) Use your answers from (c)(ii) and (c)(iii) to deduce the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon, C₆₀H_2x.

(If you were unable to calculate the amount of hydrogen gas, assume that 0.00240 mol of hydrogen gas reacts. This is not the correct value.)
Show your working.

molecular formula = ........................................................... [2]

Silicon shows the same type of bonding and structure as diamond.

Silicon reacts with magnesium to form Mg₂Si.

Solid Mg₂Si reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form gaseous SiH₄ and a solution of magnesium chloride.

i) Construct an equation for this reaction. Include state symbols.

[2]

ii) Predict the shape of the SiH₄ molecule.

 [1]

Copper and iodine are both solids which have different physical and chemical properties.

Each element has the same face-centred crystal structure which is shown below.

The particles present in such a crystal may be atoms, molecules, anions or cations. In the diagram above, the particles present are represented by the black balls. 

Which type of particles are present in the iodine crystal? Give their formula.

particle ....................................

formula ...................................

When separate samples of copper or iodine are heated to 50 °C, the copper remains as a solid while the iodine turns into a vapour.

Explain, in terms of the forces present in the solid structure, why copper remains a solid at 50 °C.

Explain, in terms of the forces present in the solid structure, why iodine turns into a vapour when heated to 50°C.

Calculate the volume, in cm³, that 5.00 g of iodine vapour occupies at 185 °C and 100 kPa.

The gas constant R = 8.31 J K^–1 mol^–1

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Although copper is a relatively unreactive metal, when it is heated to a high temperature in an excess of chlorine, copper(II) chloride is formed.

i) How does chlorine behave in this reaction?

[1]

ii) When a mixture of copper and iodine is heated to a high temperature, no reaction occurs. Suggest a reason for this difference.

[1]

Until 1985, carbon was thought to exist in only two structural forms or allotropes. In 1985 another form, buckminsterfullerene, was discovered, in which the carbon exists as spherical molecules.

The other two forms of carbon have very different structures.

i) Name these two forms.

[1]

ii) Give three differences in physical properties between these two forms.

[3]

The diagram shows the structure of buckminsterfullerene.

The molecule of buckminsterfullerene contains 60 carbon atoms.

Suggest a reason why buckminsterfullerene reacts with hydrogen under suitable conditions and give a formula for the product.

In 2010, two scientists from the University of Manchester were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for their work on graphene, a 'nano-material' and new structural form of carbon. 

i) Graphene is in the form of sheets of carbon one atom thick.

Calculate the number of carbon atoms present in a sheet of graphene with a mass of one thousandth of a gram (0.001 g).

[1]

ii) The number of hexagons in a large sheet of graphene can be assumed to be one half of the number of carbon atoms. Each hexagon has an area of 690 nm^2.

Calculate the area of the sheet of graphene in (i).

[2]

Explain whether you would expect samples of graphene and buckminsterfullerene to be electrical conductors.

This question is about the melting points of different chemicals.

The melting and boiling points of calcium and chlorine are given in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1

 i) In terms of structure and bonding, compare the boiling points of chlorine and calcium. 

[3]

 ii) Suggest why calcium is a liquid over a much greater temperature range than chlorine.

[1]

Sulfur dioxide and magnesium oxide are both oxides. The melting point of sulfur dioxide is –72 ^oC and the melting point of magnesium oxide is 2852 ^oC

 i) Explain, with reference to structure and bonding, the difference in the melting points of sulfur dioxide and magnesium oxide.

 [3]

 ii) Ammonia has the same crystalline structure as sulfur dioxide but its melting point is 2 ^oC.

 Explain the difference in melting point between sulfur dioxide and ammonia. 

[2]

Silver chloride is used in photography films as well as having antiseptic properties. 

 i) Silver chloride has a structure similar to that of sodium chloride. Draw a diagram of the silver chloride lattice showing the arrangement of the ions. 

[2]

 ii) Explain why silver chloride has a  relatively high melting point. You should refer to the difference between the electronegativities of the elements in your answer. 

[3]

Diamond and ice are types of crystals.

Describe the structure and bonding present in both diamond and ice. Explain why the melting point of these two substances is very different. You should refer to the type of bonding present in both diamond and ice in your answer.

Mercury is a naturally occurring element that is a liquid at room temperature and pressure. Some of its physical properties are shown in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1

Mercury can react with bromine to form mercury(II) bromide, HgBr₂.  

Compare and explain the electrical conductivity of mercury and mercury(II) bromide.

The strength of ionic bonding in different compounds can be compared by using the amount of energy required to separate the ions, as shown in Table 5.2.

 
Table 5.2 

Using the data from Table 5.2, explain how changes in the cation affect the bond strength in an ionic compound.

Sodium chloride and iodine are both solids. Sodium chloride does not melt until it reaches a temperature of 1074 K yet iodine sublimes when heated gently, giving off purple vapours. Sodium chloride will conduct electricity when molten and iodine is a very poor conductor of electricity.

 i) State the type of crystal structure of iodine and sodium chloride.

[2]

 ii) Explain why iodine vaporises easily. 

[2]

iii) Explain the differences in electrical conductivity of sodium chloride and iodine. 

[3]

Graphene, graphite and diamond are all forms of solid carbon.

 Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why graphene and graphite are good electrical conductors but diamond is a poor electrical conductor.