Sub-shells & Orbitals (Cambridge (CIE) AS Chemistry)

Electron Orbitals & Sub-shells

• Each shell can be divided further into subshells, labelled s, p, d and f

• Each subshell can hold a specific number of orbitals:

  • s subshell : 1 orbital

  • p subshell : 3 orbitals labelled p_x, p_y and p_z

  • d subshell : 5 orbitals

  • f subshell : 7 orbitals

• Each orbital can hold a maximum number of 2 electrons so the maximum number of electrons in each subshell are as follows:

  • s : 1 x 2 = total of 2 electrons

  • p : 3 x 2 = total of 6 electrons

  • d : 5 x 2 = total of 10 electrons

  • f : 7 x 2 = total of 14 electrons

• In the ground state, orbitals in the same subshell have the same energy and are said to be degenerate, so the energy of a p_x orbital is the same as a p_y orbital

Detailed summary of electron shells

Shells are divided into subshells which are further divided into orbitals

Summary of the arrangement of electrons in atoms

Energy of the Sub-shells

• The principal quantum shells increase in energy with increasing principal quantum number

  • E.g. n = 4 is higher in energy than n = 2

• The sub-shells increase in energy as follows: s ＜ p ＜ d ＜ f

  • The only exception to these rules is the 3d orbital which has slightly higher energy than the 4s orbital

  • Because of this, the 4s orbital is filled before the 3d orbital

• All the orbitals in the same sub-shell have the same energy and are said to be degenerate

  • E.g. p_x, p_y and p_z are all equal in energy

Relative energies of the shells and sub-shells

The 4s orbital is lower in energy than the 3d orbital

Shape of s & p Orbitals

s orbitals

• The s orbitals are spherical in shape

• The size of the s orbitals increases with increasing shell number

  • E.g. the s orbital of the third quantum shell (n = 3) is bigger than the s orbital of the first quantum shell (n = 1)

s orbital diagram

The s orbitals become larger with increasing principal quantum number

p orbitals

• The p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped

• Every shell has three p orbitals except for the first one (n = 1)

• The p orbitals occupy the x, y and z-axis and point at right angles to each other so are oriented perpendicular to one another

• The lobes of the p orbitals become larger and longer with increasing shell number

p orbital diagram

The p orbitals become larger and longer with increasing principal quantum number