Polarity & Dipole Moments (CIE AS Chemistry)

• Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to draw a pair of electrons towards itself in a covalent bond
• Electronegativity increases across a Period and decreases going down a Group

Polarity

• When two atoms in a covalent bond have the same electronegativity the covalent bond is nonpolar

The two chlorine atoms have similar electronegativities so the bonding electrons are shared equally between the two atoms

• When two atoms in a covalent bond have different electronegativities the covalent bond is polar and the electrons will be drawn towards the more electronegative atom
• As a result of this:
  • The negative charge centre and positive charge centre do not coincide with each other
  • This means that the electron distribution is asymmetric
  • The less electronegative atom gets a partial charge of δ+ (delta positive)
  • The more electronegative atom gets a partial charge of δ- (delta negative)

• The greater the difference in electronegativity the more polar the bond becomes

Cl has a greater electronegativity than H causing the electrons to be more attracted towards the Cl atom which becomes delta negative and the H delta positive

Dipole moment

• The dipole moment is a measure of how polar a bond is
• The direction of the dipole moment is shown by the following sign in which the arrow points to the partially negatively charged end of the dipole:

The sign shows the direction of the dipole moment and the arrow points to the delta negative end of the dipole

Assigning polarity to molecules

• To determine whether a molecule with more than two atoms is polar, the following things have to be taken into consideration:
  • The polarity of each bond
  • How the bonds are arranged in the molecule

• Some molecules have polar bonds but are overall not polar because the polar bonds in the molecule are arranged in such way that the individual dipole moments cancel each other out

There are four polar covalent bonds in CH₃Cl which do not cancel each other out causing CH₃Cl to be a polar molecule; the overall dipole is towards the electronegative chlorine atom

Though CCl₄ has four polar covalent bonds, the individual dipole moments cancel each other out causing CCl₄ to be a nonpolar molecule