Syllabus Edition
First teaching 2023
First exams 2025
Which of the following statements describes the function of a macrophage?
They circulate in the blood and produce antigens in response to infection.
They are found in tissues and secrete cytokines in response to infection.
They can leave the blood and secrete cytotoxins when exposed to damaged cells.
They can leave the blood and accumulate at sites of inflammation.
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In the immune response, which cells become memory cells?
1, 2 and 3
1 and 2 only
2 and 3
1 only
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When a B-lymphocyte is activated by an antigen what action is taken?
It engulfs the infected body cell which displays a complementary antigen.
It secretes cytokines which stimulate T-lymphocytes to produce plasma cells.
It divides repeatedly to form clones of genetically identical plasma cells.
It attaches to the infected cell displaying the antigen and destroys it.
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What type of white blood cell is involved in the cell-mediated response?
B-lymphocytes
phagocytes
T-lymphocytes
pathogens
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Which of the following happens when people are injected with dead bacteria?
B-lymphocytes produce antigens
B-lymphocytes produce antibodies
T-lymphocytes produce antigens
T-lymphocytes produce antibodies
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Which of the following statements would be a correct definition of an antigen?
Non-self macromolecules that trigger an immune response.
Non-self macromolecules found only on bacteria that trigger the formation of antibodies.
Proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chains.
Self macromolecules embedded in B-lymphocytes cell membranes.
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Which type of molecules are most important to identify a cell as non-self?
proteins
phospholipids
carbohydrates
nucleic acids
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When in a dusty environment a person inhales tiny minute particles.
What will be the correct effect on both B-lymphocytes and goblet cells?
| B-lymphocytes | goblet cells | |
| A | less active | more active |
| B | more active | more active |
| C | less active | less active |
| D | more active | less active |
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Monocytes are formed when stem cells divide and specialise in the bone marrow.
Where in the body do these cells form macrophages?
lymph nodes
blood plasma
bone marrow
tissue fluid
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T-killer cells can target and destroy body cells.
What process do they use to do this?
phagocytosis
by secreting antibodies
by releasing anti toxins
through punching a hole in the target cell membrane
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When a phagocyte responds to the presence of a pathogen the following events happen:
Which of the following would be the correct order of events?
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|
last | |
| A | 5 | 1 | 4 | 3 |
| B | 5 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
| C | 3 | 2 | 5 | 1 |
| D | 3 | 5 | 1 | 4 |
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Two different molecules, when chemically bonded together, can form one type of antigen.
Except for oxygen, which of the following elements would be found in this antigen?
carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur
hydrogen and nitrogen only
carbon and hydrogen only
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Which of these statements about phagocytes is not correct?
They have many mitochondria to produce ATP for endocytosis.
They have many lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes.
They provide specific defence against disease-causing organisms.
They are white blood cells with a lobed nucleus.
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Which of these statements is correct about both B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes?
When active can divide to produce memory cells to respond to a specific antigen when exposed in the future.
They become active only when a specific antibody binds to their surface receptor.
They divide to form plasma cells.
They release hormone-like cytokines which stimulate the release of antibodies.
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The following events happen during a primary immune response.
Which is the correct order of events?
| first | |
|
|
last | |
| A | 4 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| B | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| C | 4 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
| D | 4 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
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Which of the following would be a correct difference between B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes, both of which are involved in an immune response?
| B-lymphocyte | T-lymphocyte | |
| A | stimulate macrophages to carry out phagocytosis | do not stimulate macrophages to carry out phagocytosis |
| B | form plasma cells which secrete antibodies into the bloodstream | do not form plasma cells |
| C | formed from bone marrow cells | formed from cells in the thymus |
| D | do not produce memory cells | produce memory cells |
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In an immune response, which of the following is a function of T-lymphocytes?
3 only
2 only
1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
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Which of the following rows correctly represents a description of B-lymphocytes?
| can act as antigen-presenting cells | act in the cell-mediated response | release antibodies immediately after formation | processed in the thymus | |
| A | x | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| B | x | ✓ | x | ✓ |
| C | ✓ | x | x | x |
| D | ✓ | x | ✓ | x |
Key: ✓ = correct, x = incorrect
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Macrophages have a cellular structure that enables them to destroy bacteria. Some bacteria can stop macrophages from working.
Which of the following would be a structure affected by bacteria?
Vesicle
Ribosome
Golgi body
Lysosome
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Which of the following statements about the body's defence against infectious disease is not correct?
A specific immune response involves activation of B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes following recognition of, and binding to, a specific antigen.
Following invasion by microorganisms, natural active immunity can be gained by initiating an immune response.
Lysosomes fuse with vacuoles that have been formed by phagocytes and which contain invading microorganisms.
Antibodies against specific antigens are produced by plasma cells in passive immunity, but the protection is short-lived as no memory cells are produced.
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When a person receives a skin graft from another person there is a risk of rejection.
Which of the following is a correct statement about graft rejection?
The graft is rejected by the B-lymphocytes because they make and release antibodies which react with the surface antigens on the graft cells
The graft is rejected by T-lymphocytes because the graft tissue causes T-lymphocytes to release antibodies.
The graft is rejected by T-lymphocytes because they circulate in the blood and can gather at the graft site.
The graft is rejected by B-lymphocytes because T-lymphocytes are not stimulated to produce antibodies.
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Antigens on red blood cells determine a person's blood group. Most people will have antibodies even if they haven’t had a blood transfusion. Some blood transfusions can be unsafe due to the presence of these antibodies in the plasma.
The table shows the antibodies and antigens in the blood of people with different blood groups.
| blood group | antigens on red blood cells | antibodies in plasma |
| A | A | antibodies to B |
| B | B | antibodies to A |
| AB | A and B | no antibodies to A and B |
| O | neither A or B | antibodies to A and B |
Which group of people can safely receive blood from a person with blood group A?
AB only
A and O
B and O
A and AB
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Which of the pathways below shows the correct activity of a helper T cell?
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The micrograph below shows human blood. There are three types of cells from the immune system labelled.
Which row in the table below correctly identifies the cells in the micrograph?
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| A | lymphocyte | phagocyte | phagocyte |
| B | lymphocyte | lymphocyte | phagocyte |
| C | phagocyte | lymphocyte | phagocyte |
| D | lymphocyte | lymphocyte | phagocyte |
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Children can be born with a condition called Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID). This is a disease characterized by a lack of T-lymphocytes; individuals with SCID therefore are highly at risk from infectious disease.
Which of the following would be a possible cure for SCID?
transfusion of antibodies
continual use of antibodies
bone marrow transplantation
vaccination against all diseases
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Monocytes move from the blood to the connective tissue.
Which phagocytic cell do they differentiate into?
Macrophage
Neutrophil
T-lymphocyte
B-lymphocyte
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary humoral response?
It happens only in the spleen.
It happens much more rapidly than a primary response.
It results in antibody secretion.
It results in less memory cell circulation.
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Which cell is essential for an adaptive immune response?
plasma cells
Antibodies
T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
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What is a phagosome?
A vesicle containing lysozymes.
A white blood cell produces antibodies.
A white blood cell that ingests bacteria.
A vesicle containing an engulfed bacterium.
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Which type of cell will destroy virally-infected cells?
phagocytic macrophages
activated B-lymphocytes
plasma cells
cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
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