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How Enzymes Work (CIE AS Biology)

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How Enzymes Work

The lock-and-key hypothesis

  • Enzymes are globular proteins
  • This means their shape (as well as the shape of the active site of an enzyme) is determined by the complex tertiary structure of the protein that makes up the enzyme and is therefore highly specific
  • In the 1890’s the first model of enzyme activity was described by Emil Fischer:
    • He suggested that both enzymes and substrates were rigid structures that locked into each other very precisely, much like a key going into a lock
    • This is known as the ‘lock-and-key hypothesis
  • This was later modified and adapted to our current understanding of enzyme activity, permitted by advances in techniques in the molecular sciences

_Lock and key hypothesis, downloadable AS & A Level Biology revision notes

The lock-and-key hypothesis

The induced-fit hypothesis

  • The modified model of enzyme activity is known as the ‘induced-fit hypothesis
  • Although it is very similar to the lock and key hypothesis, in this model the enzyme and substrate interact with each other:
    • The enzyme and its active site (and sometimes the substrate) can change shape slightly as the substrate molecule enters the enzyme
    • These changes in shape are known as conformational changes
    • This ensures an ideal binding arrangement between the enzyme and substrate is achieved
    • This maximises the ability of the enzyme to catalyse the reaction

Induced fit hypothesis, downloadable AS & A Level Biology revision notes

The induced-fit hypothesis

Examiner Tip

Don't forget – our current understanding of enzyme-substrate interactions is based on the induced-fit hypothesis.

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Cara Head

Author: Cara Head

Expertise: Biology

Cara graduated from the University of Exeter in 2005 with a degree in Biological Sciences. She has fifteen years of experience teaching the Sciences at KS3 to KS5, and Psychology at A-Level. Cara has taught in a range of secondary schools across the South West of England before joining the team at SME. Cara is passionate about Biology and creating resources that bring the subject alive and deepen students' understanding