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First teaching 2023

First exams 2025

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Animal & Plant Cells (CIE AS Biology)

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Naomi H

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Naomi H

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Electron Micrographs: Animal Cells

  • Exam questions will not always contain neat diagrams of cellular structures, but may instead present images taken using microscopes
    • Such images are known as micrographs
  • It is possible to identify organelles in micrographs of animal cells on the basis of their shape, location, and size relative to other organelles, e.g.
    • The nucleus will always be the largest organelle
    • Mitochondria are the next largest, and are often cylindrical with a folded inner membrane
      • Note that mitochondria are not always cylindrical, but can also be circular; their shape will depend on their age, and on the angle at which they were sliced during specimen preparation
    • RER will be near the nucleus, and ribosomes can sometime be seen
    • Lysosomes and vesicles will be smaller than mitochondria

electron micrograph of an animal cell with a corresponding labelled drawing

Exam questions may present micrograph images of cells

Examiner Tip

You should be able to describe and interpret photomicrographs, electron micrographs and drawings of typical animal cells.

Electron Micrographs: Plant Cells

  • Plant cell micrographs can be interpreted using the same techniques as animal cells
    • Large, seemingly empty spaces inside cells will be vacuoles
    • The nucleus will be the largest dark region in the cell
    • Chloroplasts are the next-largest organelles, and grana are often visible

electron micrograph of a plant cell with corresponding labelled drawing

Vacuoles and chloroplasts can be easily recognised inside plant cells

Examiner Tip

You should be able to describe and interpret photomicrographs, electron micrographs and drawings of typical plant cells.

Structure of Animal & Plant Cells

  • Animal and plant cells have many common structures:
    • Cell surface membrane
    • Cytoplasm
    • Nucleus
    • Mitochondria
    • Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
    • Golgi bodies
    • Vesicles and lysosomes
    • Ribosomes
    • Microtubules
  • Plant cells are larger and more regular in shape than animal cells, and have the following additional structures
    • Cellulose cell wall
    • Large permanent vacuoles
    • Chloroplasts
    • Plasmodesmata
  • The only structures found in animal cells but not plant cells are centrioles and microvilli

Animal and plant cell ultrastructure diagrams

animal-cell-structure

plant-cell-structure

Plant cells have a larger, more regular structure in comparison to animal cells

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Naomi H

Author: Naomi H

Expertise: Biology

Naomi graduated from the University of Oxford with a degree in Biological Sciences. She has 8 years of classroom experience teaching Key Stage 3 up to A-Level biology, and is currently a tutor and A-Level examiner. Naomi especially enjoys creating resources that enable students to build a solid understanding of subject content, while also connecting their knowledge with biology’s exciting, real-world applications.