Free Response Questions (College Board AP® Environmental Science): Exam Questions

15 mins2 questions
1a1 mark

A study found high levels of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as synthetic hormones and pharmaceuticals, in a freshwater lake located downstream from a wastewater treatment plant. Scientists observed developmental abnormalities in fish populations, including altered reproductive anatomy and reduced fertility rates. The lake is also used for recreation and irrigation.

Identify one likely source of EDCs entering the lake.

1b1 mark

Explain how EDCs affect aquatic organisms at the population level.

1c1 mark

Describe one human activity that may contribute to pharmaceutical pollution in water bodies.

1d1 mark

Describe one specific developmental or reproductive change observed in aquatic species exposed to EDCs.

1e1 mark

Explain how EDCs can bioaccumulate and biomagnify in aquatic food webs.

1f1 mark

Describe one method that wastewater treatment facilities can use to reduce EDC levels.

1g1 mark

Identify and describe one policy or regulation that addresses water pollution in the U.S.

1h1 mark

Explain how EDC contamination could impact human health.

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2a1 mark

A large metropolitan landfill is nearing capacity, and the city has seen a steady rise in electronic waste (e-waste) disposal. Tests conducted at the landfill perimeter have revealed increasing levels of lead and mercury in nearby groundwater, and residents in adjacent communities have expressed concerns about contamination. The city is considering alternatives such as waste-to-energy incineration and expanded recycling programs to manage solid waste more sustainably. Meanwhile, toxic leachate formation remains a growing concern, especially during heavy rainfall.

Identify an environmental issue from e-waste in landfills.

2b1 mark

Describe a health risk from heavy metals.

2c1 mark

State one waste-to-energy (WTE) advantage.

2d1 mark

Describe one disadvantage of waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities.

2e1 mark

Propose an e-waste reduction method.

2f1 mark

Explain how leachate forms and why it matters.

2g1 mark

Describe the relevant U.S. law that governs waste disposal.

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