Which of the following is not a characteristic of photochemical smog?
It is formed when primary pollutants, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic hydrocarbons, react with heat and sunlight.
It produces secondary pollutants such as tropospheric ozone, aldehydes, and peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs).
It is often seen as a brown or grey haze over urban areas.
It is a thick, yellowish fog created by the burning of fossil fuels.
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Which of the following is not involved in the formation of photochemical smog?
The reaction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight
The conversion of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) into nitric acid (HNO₃) through reaction with water vapor
The production of peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs) from VOCs and NOx emissions
The formation of ozone (O₃) in the troposphere due to the interaction of NO₂ and sunlight
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Which of the following strategies would be least effective in reducing photochemical smog?
Implementing stricter emissions standards for vehicles to reduce nitrogen oxide and VOC emissions
Increasing urban green spaces and planting more trees to improve air quality
Expanding the use of high-efficiency wood stoves and open-fire burning for residential heating
Introducing policies to encourage public transportation, biking, and walking to reduce vehicle emissions
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Which of the following is least likely to be a long-term health effect of prolonged exposure to photochemical smog?
Chronic respiratory illnesses
Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases
Strengthened immune response to airborne pathogens
Development of neurological disorders
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The frequency and severity of smog depend on the local topography, climate conditions, population density, and what other factor?
Time of day
The amount of fossil fuel use in an area
High urban ozone areas
Low levels of insolation
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Which of the following is a common health effect associated with long-term exposure to photochemical smog?
Increased bone density
Reduced lung function and aggravated respiratory conditions
Enhanced night vision
Decreased sensitivity to allergens
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