Free Response Questions (College Board AP® Environmental Science): Exam Questions

18 mins2 questions
1a1 mark
Diagram showing temperature inversion in a city: cool air is trapped in a valley, smog builds up under a warm air layer, with pollutants released below.
A diagram showing a temperature inversion trapping pollutants in a valley.

The city of Los Altos is located in a valley surrounded by mountains. Despite reducing emissions from vehicles and industries, the city continues to suffer from frequent photochemical smog episodes, especially in winter months. Residents report increased respiratory issues and reduced visibility.

Identify the primary pollutant involved in the formation of photochemical smog.

1b1 mark

Describe the chemical reaction that leads to the formation of tropospheric ozone.

1c1 mark

Using the image, explain how thermal inversion traps pollutants near the ground.

1d1 mark

Describe one human health impact of photochemical smog.

1e1 mark

Identify one natural factor that worsens smog formation in cities like Los Altos.

1f1 mark

Propose one urban planning strategy to reduce photochemical smog.

1g1 mark

Explain the role of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the formation of photochemical smog.

1h1 mark

Describe one way climate and topography influence the severity of smog.

1i1 mark

Explain how reducing NOₓ emissions could affect smog levels.

1j1 mark

Describe one reason public education campaigns are important in managing air pollution.

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2a1 mark

A health agency is investigating increased respiratory illness reports in a low-income urban neighborhood. Homes are older, poorly ventilated, and located near busy roads. Inspections found high levels of radon-222 gas, particulates, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Identify one natural source and one anthropogenic source of indoor air pollution.

2b1 mark

Describe how radon-222 gas enters homes.

2c1 mark

Explain one health risk associated with radon-222 exposure.

2d1 mark

Describe one indoor source of VOCs and their impact on health.

2e1 mark

Explain why low-income communities may experience higher exposure to indoor pollutants.

2f1 mark

Identify one air pollutant commonly released by indoor combustion and describe its effect.

2g1 mark

Describe one method to reduce radon exposure in homes.

2h1 mark

Propose a strategy to reduce VOCs in indoor air.

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