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Properties of Solids, Liquids & Gases
Sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium oxide (MgO) are both ionic solids.
Use Coulombs Law to explain why magnesium oxide has a higher melting point that sodium chloride.
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Explain why solid NaCl is a poor conductor of electricity, but molten NaCl can conduct electricity.
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Ionic solids tend to be brittle. Explain why, using the behavior of ions in a crystal lattice.
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Define vapor pressure.
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Explain why ethanol (C2H5OH) has a higher boiling point than hexane (C6H14) in terms of intermolecular forces.
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A sample of ethanol is placed in a sealed container at 25°C, where it reaches dynamic equilibrium between its liquid and vapor phases. Predict what happens to the vapor pressure of ethanol when the temperature is increased to 40°C. Justify your answer.
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Covalent network solids exhibit different mechanical and thermal properties compared to other types of solids.
Explain why diamond is extremely hard, whereas graphite is soft.
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Explain why graphite is able to conduct electricity but diamond is not.
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Silicon dioxide (SiO2) has a very high melting point. Explain why in terms of bonding and structure.
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Acetonitrile (CH3CN) and acetone (CH3COCH3) are both organic liquids with similar molar masses. However, acetonitrile has a significantly higher boiling point than acetone. Explain why.
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The normal boiling point of acetonitrile is 81.6°C at 1 atm. If the external pressure is reduced to 0.50 atm, predict whether acetonitrile will boil at a higher or lower temperature. Justify your answer.
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Acetone is placed in a sealed container at room temperature, where it begins to evaporate.
i) Explain how the rate of evaporation of acetone changes over time as the system approaches equilibrium.
ii) Using Le Chatelier’s Principle, predict and explain what happens to the equilibrium between liquid acetone and acetone vapor if the volume of the container is suddenly increased.
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The physical properties of solids depend on the arrangement of their particles and the forces that hold them together.
Compare the hardness of brass and high-carbon steel. Refer to how alloy type and structure contribute to their mechanical properties.
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Compare crystalline and amorphous solids in terms of particle arrangement and structural properties, explaining how interparticle interactions influence their ability to pack together.
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