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Intermolecular & Interparticle Forces
Explain how London dispersion forces arise in nonpolar molecules.
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Rank the following noble gases in order of increasing boiling point: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe. Justify your ranking.
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Pentane (C5H12), 2-methylbutane (C5H12), and 2,2-dimethylpropane (C5H12) all have the same molecular formula.
Predict which has the highest boiling point and justify your answer based on intermolecular forces.
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Describe a dipole-induced dipole interaction and how it arises.
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Oxygen gas and nitrogen gas have similar molar masses.
Explain why oxygen is slightly more soluble in water than nitrogen gas, in terms of intermolecular forces.
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Consider the solubility of I2 in water versus in hexane, C6H14.
Predict in which solvent I2 is more soluble. Justify your answer
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Ion-dipole forces play a key role in dissolving ionic compounds in water, affecting solubility trends.
(i) Define ion-dipole forces.
(ii) Explain why ion-dipole forces are stronger than dipole-dipole forces.
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When NaCl dissolves in water, the Na+ and Cl- ions interact with the polar water molecules.
(i) Describe the arrangement of Na+ and Cl- ions in an aqueous NaCl solution, including how water molecules orient themselves around each ion.
(ii) Explain why water molecules arrange themselves in this way around Na+ and Cl-.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) are both covalent compounds, yet their physical states at room temperature are very different.
Explain why carbon dioxide is a gas at room temperature, whilst silicon dioxide is a solid.
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Explain how the molecular shape of CO₂ affects its intermolecular forces and physical state.
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Carbon disulfide and carbon dioxide both have a linear structure and similar molar masses. Carbon disulfide is a liquid at room temperature.
Explain this difference in terms of intermolecular forces.
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Hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole interactions influence the physical properties of substances in different ways.
Hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) are both polar molecules, yet HF has a significantly higher boiling point than HCl. Explain this difference in terms of intermolecular forces.
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Methanol (CH3OH) is highly soluble in water, whereas diethyl ether (C2H5OC2H5) is only partially soluble in water, even though both contain oxygen. Explain this difference in terms of intermolecular forces, including the number of hydrogen bonds each molecule can form with water.
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Intermolecular forces influence the physical properties of molecular substances and play a crucial role in biological systems.
Rank the following molecules in order of increasing boiling point: butane (C4H10), propanone (CH3COCH3), and ethanoic acid (CH3COOH). Justify your ranking based on intermolecular forces.
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Lipids and carbohydrates play essential roles in biological systems, but their interactions with water are very different. Compare the interactions between lipids and water to those between carbohydrates and water, explaining how intermolecular forces influence their solubility.
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Explain why ethanoic acid is soluble in water. You should include a diagram in your answer.
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